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Getting More Women on Boards: Cultural and Institutional Antecedents That Matter
Full text linkThe purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the multiple cultural and institutional antecedents which can positively (or negatively) impact the incorporation of more women on corporate boards (WoCB). Many contemporary discourses about quotas versus voluntary actions by corporations as drivers of greater gender diversity on boards are largely based on cross-country mimicking. These discourses often fail to integrate country-level configurations and conditions, as drivers or barriers to change. We advance this research by seeking to understand the complexity of such multiple antecedents to getting WoCB. Results show multiple macro factors involved in getting WoCB in Europe. We test the complex inter-relations of factors such as legislation, cultural, societal, economic, political, and institutional variables, and their effects. Findings highlight important drivers of more women on boards such as gender equality in political empowerment and institutional settings; government-regulated maternity and paternity leave; specific legislative or soft quota policies; and societal cultural variables, such as (low) power distance and (high) assertiveness, as drivers of getting WoCB. These results prove the need to consider and complement legislative policies to specific cultural and institutional conditions in each country. To help policymakers, we provide insights into which multiple macro factors act as drivers or barriers in their organizations or societies for getting more WoCB. This will help decision makers in organizations or policymaking bodies to match gender diversity goals to the multiple country-level conditions they need to navigate, hence making a better world together.Getting More Women on Boards: Cultural and Institutional Antecedents That MatterpublishedVersio
Effekten av Cancel Culture i influensermarkedsføring: En kvantitativ studie om effekten av en kansellert talsperson på forbrukerens holdning og kjøpsintensjon til merkevarer de representerer.
Full text linkDenne oppgaven fokuserer på fenomenet «Cancel Culture» som har blitt en konsekvens for influenser markedsføring. Målet er å kartlegge hvordan effekten mellom en kansellert (vs. Ikke) kansellert talsperson påvirker holdning og kjøpsintensjon. Ved å ta utgangspunkt i tidligere forskning så har seks ulike variabler kommet frem. Disse er: kansellert (vs. ikke) talsperson, tillit til influenser, tillit til merkevare, grad av forbruker aktivisme, holdning og kjøpsintensjon.
Gjennom et scenario-basert eksperiment ble det undersøkt fem ulike hypoteser. Det scenario-baserte eksperimentet foregikk ved at respondentene ble introdusert til en influenser og en merkevare som influenseren representerer. Deretter foregikk det en manipulasjon, da noen respondenter fikk en influenser som var kansellert, og de andre fikk en som ikke var kansellert. De antatte hypotesene ble deretter testet. Hypotese 1 hadde en forventning om at kansellert (vs. ikke) hadde en effekt på holdning og kjøpsintensjon. Deretter var det Hypotese 2 som antok at en kansellert (vs. ikke) talsperson hadde en effekt på tillit til influenser. Hypotese 3 og 4 har en sterk sammenheng, da det var antatt at forbrukerens tillit til influenser medierer effekten av deres tillit til merkevaren i hypotese 3, og så vil tillit til merkevaren mediere effekten av forbrukerens holdning og kjøpsintensjon basert på en kansellert eller ikke-kansellert talsperson som er hypotese 4. Den siste hypotesen som er hypotese 5 antok at forbruker aktivisme kunne moderer effekten kansellert (vs. Ikke) har på holdning og kjøpsintensjon. Alle hypotesene ble støttet, utenom hypotese 5 som kun ble delvis støttet, da aktivisme ikke modererte effekten på kjøpsintensjon.
Resultatene viser til at «Cancel Culture» har en stor påvirkningseffekt på forbrukerens tillit til influenser, som igjen påvirker deres tillit til merkevarene de representerer. Det er dermed viktig for markedsførere og influensere å forstå hvilke sosiale normer som eksisterer, da de må opprettholde disse. Videre viser det også til at influenser markedsføring i dag har blitt mer komplekst, da man må gjøre grundig analyse av potensielle talspersoner for merkevarer
Hva kan en trenerveileder bidra med i barnefotballen? En undersøkelse fra FK Fyllingsdalen.
Full text linkOppgaven ser nærmere på hvor komplekst det er å være fotballtrener i norsk barnefotball i dag, og det sosiale og pedagogiske ansvaret det innebærer. Sett i sammenheng med hvordan og hva trenerveiledning kan bidra med i den norske modellen. Fotballtrenere på barnelag i FK Fyllingsdalen har svart på en online kvalitativ survey, som ser nærmere på deres bakgrunn og meninger knyttet til hva en rolle som trenerveileder kan bidra med. Det rettes spesielt fokus på «beste praksis» innen trenerrollen, veiledningsbegrepet og utvikling av barn og unge i en formativ fase, satt i en idrettslig kontekst.
Oppgaven konkluderer, på bakgrunn av teorikapittelet og resultatet i undersøkelsen, med at frivilligheten er ekstremt viktig i barnefotballen ettersom det danner grunnlaget for videreutvikling av nevnte konsepter som Landslagskolen til Norges Fotballforbund og Kniksen-Akademiet til Sportsklubben Brann. Barnefotballen er grunnmuren i norsk fotball og denne startfasen danner utgangspunktet for hvilket nivå disse konseptene har fra start av med sine nye kull. Videre konkluderes det med at trenerveilederrollen kan spille en positiv og viktig rolle i arbeidet med å skape større tilstedeværelse i barnefotballen. Undersøkelsen viste at det for fotballtrenerne i FK Fyllingsdalen er spesielt tre tema som er gjengående med tanke på hva de mener en trenerveileder kan bidra med i barnefotballen: erfaringsdeling, jevne ut forskjeller og systematisere det pedagogiske for trenerrollen. I resultatet fremkom det at 88% var positiv til å forholde seg til en trenerveileder i klubben
Vy etter jernbanereformen
Full text linkDenne casestudien omhandler overgangen fra NSB til Vy som fulgte av Meld. St. 27 (2014-2015) “På rett spor – Reform av jernbanesektoren”, (heretter Meld. St. 27 (2014-2015)) med fokus på virksomhetens organisasjonskultur. Det er benyttet en kvalitativ tilnærming, med datainnsamlingsmetodene individuelle intervju og dokumentanalyse. Oppgaven reiser følgende problemstilling: “Hvilke følger har jernbanereformen hatt for Vy sin organisasjonsstruktur, og hvordan har dette påvirket virksomhetens organisasjonskultur?”
Oppgaven har tatt utgangspunkt i norsk jernbanesektor, herunder virksomheten Vy, som er en av landets største aktører innenfor person- og godstransport. Formålet med oppgaven er å undersøke organisasjonskultur i, og etter endringsprosesser, samt å se nærmere på hvordan man kan danne grunnlag og tilrettelegge for en endringsmottagelig organisasjonskultur. For å besvare oppgavens problemstilling har vi undersøkt virksomheten Vy, som en casebedrift, hvor vi har forsøkt å kartlegge virksomhetens organisasjonskultur, organisasjonsstruktur, samt å se på om de forventete effektene av jernbanereformen har påvirket organisasjonens medlemmer som predikert i Meld. St. 27 (2014-2015). Vi har på bakgrunn av funn i oppgaven fremmet ulike forslag til tiltak Vy kan implementere for å sikre bevaring av ansattes identitet, samt tilretteleggelse av gode kulturer i virksomheten i møte med senere omstillinger. I oppgaven legges det til grunn at endringsprosesser i stor grad kan inneha omfattende konsekvenser for organisasjonskultur og ansattes opplevelse av organisasjonsidentitet. Sentrale funn i oppgaven peker i retning av både sterke, samt fragmenterte organisasjonskulturer etter omstillingsprosessen. Det indikeres spesielt tidligere større svakheter ved Vy sin organisasjonskultur i form av grunnleggende antagelser og verdier på enkelte subkulturelle nivåer. Det pekes også på tendenser til mindre god organisasjonskultur spesielt tilknyttet organisasjonsidentitet og svekkelsen av dette. Studien har tatt høyde for at omstillingsprosessen ikke var iverksatt av Vy selv, men var en politisk vedtatt reform, som kan begrunnes for å ha begrenset selskapets interne motivasjon for endring, samt forståelse og fortolkning av endringsvisjonen. Det vises i den forbindelse til negative funn knyttet til meningsskapende prosesser om visjonen i forkant av, og underveis i omstillingen blant organisasjonsmedlemmene.
Til tross for mye motstand i Vy etter Meld. St. 27 (2014-2015), viser empiri i oppgaven at trivselen, verdigrunnlaget og organisasjonskulturen i stor grad har oppnådd positive effekter i etterkant av omstillingen. Og at en mer god organisasjonskultur basert på Vys endrede verdier og vyer til en viss grad har blitt forankret på overordnet og subkulturelle nivåer. De strukturelle endringene kan anses for gjennomført. Imidlertid viser empiri (informant) til at organisasjonskulturen fortsatt er under utvikling: “vi snur en stor stein sakte, men sikkert”.
Dette indikerer at det fremdeles foreligger behov for å kontinuerlig kartlegge og utarbeide tiltak med formål om å sikre positiv utvikling av endringsmottagelig organisasjonskultur. I den sammenheng vektlegges blant annet meningsskapende prosesser, samt styrkingen av organisasjonsidentitet som spesielt sentrale verktøy Vy kan benytte ved fremtidige omstillinger
Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Full text linkBackground
Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input.
Findings
In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively.
Interpretation
Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries.publishedVersio
One More Turn after the Algorithmic Turn? Spotify’s Colonization of the Online Audio Space
Full text linkIn the last decade, development of algorithmic recommendation systems has constituted the main competitive factor between music streaming services. In this article, we identify how a new turn, labelled ‘the auxiliary services phase’, is rising to prominence. We analyze Spotify’s move from being a mere music distributor, to becoming a general provider of audiovisual content – involving investments in podcasts, vodcasts, audiobooks, etc. – where expanded service offerings and exclusive content development constitute increasingly important platform strategies. Although this turn empowers innovation, it is worrisome from a music industry perspective as it challenges power balances between music industry and platform actors.publishedVersio
Between anger and love: A multi-level study on the impact of policy issues on user reactions in national election campaigns on Facebook in Germany, Hungary, and Norway
Full text linkEliciting user reactions is an important tactic for political actors using social media like Facebook to seek attention for campaign messages on policy issues. Still, little is known about policy issues’ effect on user reactions and how structural factors play into this relationship. Applying a standardized manual content analysis on Facebook posts from political parties and their top candidates during the German, Hungarian, and Norwegian national election campaigns in 2021/2022 (N = 4988), we investigate the relationship between policy issues and two of Facebook’s “emotional reactions” (“angry” and “love”). We find that posts addressing the economy, energy policy, and foreign policy drive more “angry” reactions, while environmental posts drive more “love” reactions. While effects are largely uniform across different party types, there are more variations between countries. Our analyses suggest that differences between individual parties and candidates and situational factors are vital to understanding the relationship between policy issues and user reactions.publishedVersio
Global, regional, and national mortality due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 2000–2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Full text linkBackground
Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is a largely preventable cause of death that has received insufficient attention. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive global analysis of the demographic, temporal, and geographical patterns of fatal unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from 2000 to 2021.
Methods
As part of the latest Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality was quantified using the GBD cause of death ensemble modelling strategy. Vital registration data and covariates with an epidemiological link to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning informed the estimates of death counts and mortality rates for all locations, sexes, ages, and years included in the GBD. Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying deaths by remaining standard life expectancy at age of death. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning deaths due to occupational injuries and high alcohol use were estimated.
Findings
In 2021, the global mortality rate due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning was 0·366 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval 0·276–0·415), with 28 900 deaths (21 700–32 800) and 1·18 million YLLs (0·886–1·35) across all ages. Nearly 70% of deaths occurred in males (20 100 [15 800–24 000]), and the 50–54-year age group had the largest number of deaths (2210 [1660–2590]). The highest mortality rate was in those aged 85 years or older with 1·96 deaths (1·38–2·32) per 100 000. Eastern Europe had the highest age-standardised mortality rate at 2·12 deaths (1·98–2·30) per 100 000. Globally, there was a 53·5% (46·2–63·7) decrease in the age-standardised mortality rate from 2000 to 2021, although this decline was not uniform across regions. The overall PAFs for occupational injuries and high alcohol use were 13·6% (11·9–16·0) and 3·5% (1·4–6·2), respectively.
Interpretation
Improvements in unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality rates have been inconsistent across regions and over time since 2000. Given that unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is almost entirely preventable, policy-level interventions that lower the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning events should be prioritised, such as those that increase access to improved heating and cooking devices, reduce carbon monoxide emissions from generators, and mandate use of carbon monoxide alarms.publishedVersio
Hvordan god rekrutteringspraksis kan hindre destruktiv ledelse og fremme samskapende ledelse
Full text linkAbstract: The purpose of the chapter is to increase the understanding of how recruitment practices affect management practices. To explore the consequences of hiring inadequate managers, the author poses the following three research questions:
1) Why are unqualified candidates employed in management positions? 2) What
are the consequences of poor managerial recruitment at a micro and macro level?
3) How can the incidence of poor managerial recruitment be reduced? Through the
empirical generalization method, empirical causal models are developed to describe
the overall mechanisms and processes in each of the three research questions. The
author develops a conceptual analysis and system perspective of inadequate recruitment practices and co-creative management practices.
Success in the leadership role will always be a function of both individual and
contextual conditions. Thus, in recruitment and selection it is crucial that the context in which the manager is to perform the leadership role is analyzed, and that
this work is considered an integral part of the company’s strategic investments.
Recruitment and selection of leaders requires that contextual characteristics and
considerations are explored and emphasized. Such leadership practice contributes
to a healthy working environment, increased productivity, lower turnover, and positive employer brandingpublishedVersio
Stitching Together a Greener Future: An Approach to Design Mobile Applications that Supports Sustainable Actions
Full text linkWith an increasing amount of world-wide waste, a focus on how we can increase circular consumption is necessary. As the clothing industry is wasteful and makes up for about 10% of the world’s CO2 emissions, it is not only a relevant field to improve, but also a field in which anyone can contribute by developing more sustainable clothing habits. As previous studies highlight mobile technologies for supporting new behaviour, this study explores how
mobile applications can support young adults in choosing sustainable clothing practices (SCPs) through a double diamond process with participatory design activities.
Participants of the target group were inquired in interviews, uncovering that a lack of
creativity and motivation, and thinking that their skills were not sufficient hindered them from choosing SCPs. By inviting participants to define problem statements in a defining workshop, and to brainstorm possible solutions to meet these problem statements in a design workshop, the author has combined these ideas to a feasible prototype for a mobile application. The application has been designed by applying persuasive design principles and gamification elements according to relevant literature.
Participants of the target group were inquired in interviews, uncovering that a lack of creativity and motivation, and thinking that their skills were not sufficient hindered them from choosing SCPs. By inviting participants to define problem statements in a defining workshop, and to brainstorm possible solutions to meet these problem statements in a design workshop, the author has combined these ideas to a feasible prototype for a mobile application. The application has been designed by applying persuasive design principles and gamification elements according to relevant literature