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Restrictions during pandemic: justified but is it lawful?
Get PDFThe article analyses if restrictions on business during the quarantines were proportionate and legitimate. The authors of this article argue that the forced closure of businesses during quarantine in its essence resembles the institute of taking private property ownership rights for public needs rather than restricting the freedom of economic activity because activities have been suspended entirely instead of merely being subject to certain operational restrictions. Such restrictions may be imposed only in exceptional cases and in the form of a law. It would be in line to consider proportionate compensations for businesses’ losses due to forcible closure from the State.Straipsnyje analizuojama, ar apribojimai verslui karantino metu buvo proporcingi ir teisėti. Šio straipsnio autoriai teigia, kad priverstinis verslo uždarymas karantino metu turi būti traktuojamas kaip nuosavybės paėmimas visuomenės poreikiams, o ne ekonominės veiklos laisvės ribojimas, nes veikla visiškai sustabdyta. Tokie ribojimai gali būti įvedami tik išimtiniais atvejais, įstatymo pagrindu, o Lietuvos Vyriausybė turi proporcingai atlyginti nuostolius įmonėms dėl priverstinio uždarymo
Kinijos atsakomybė už Covid-19 pandemiją: per tarptautinės teisės perspektyvą
No full textThis article focuses on state responsibility elements under international law and analyses legal preconditions for China‘s responsibility under international law for COVID-19 pandemic management related actions.Šis straipsnis nagrinėja valstybės atsakomybės elementus pagal tarptautinę teisę ir analizuoja teisines prielaidas Kinijos atsakomybei pagal tarptautinę teisę už COVID-19 pandemijos valdymo veiksmus
Dirbanti moteris Vilniuje XVIII a.: galimybės ir darbo pobūdis
Get PDFThe topic of this study is “A Working Woman in Eighteenth-Century Vilnius: Possibilities and The Character of Work”. The aim of this study is to analyse the labour possibilities and character for 18th century women in Vilnius. In order to reveal these aspects the following issues were explored: ascertainment of the nature of women’s labour; ascertainment of the wages payed and wage dynamics for women’s labour; ascertainment of the social status and marital status of women part of the working women. In the 18th century women’s labour can be ascribed to the “service sector”. This type of labour was mostly unqualified work and did not require a lot of physical strength and can be divided into two categories – hire and trade. The duration of hired work was varied. The wages for women who worked for hire in short durations was calculated by day. Such hire work can be characterized as being seasonal and is observed in agricultural labour, which women were hired for during summer and autumn. Women serving in convents were hired for long-term labour. They worked and lived in these institutions all year long. While serving in convents women carried out the same jobs as maids working on private household properties (various household chores). These women were not paid with money alone because the institutions provided them with tenancy, maintenance, clothing and foot-wear as well.The specifics of labour for women working as wet-nurses differed from other labour workers. This type of labour could only be performed by women who had recently had given birth to their own children and were not discouraged by the risks that came with nursing foundlings.Women’s wages were usually lower than men’s and they sometimes got paid more than double the amount of women’s wages. The highest wages were paid out to wet-nurses because of the high health risks that came with nursing children abandoned by their parents. A stable income was guaranteed for women who were serving in convents and working as wet-nurses. Women working for short-term hire got paid with one-off payments and only once they have completed their tasks [job]. However, single-day labour work wages were higher. It is unknown how much money women in trade were making. However it is known that they made up 35 to 90 percent of the city’s official tax paying traders. These statistics reveal that women were trading various products – from shoes to various metal objects as well as food and vegetables.The type of labour force women were a part of could have also been determined by their marital status. Unmarried, young aged women most often served in convents and older women with families tended to favour short-term work for hire. Trade was favoured most often by married women (or widows), who could sell not just their home-made food products and home-grown fruits and vegetables but also their artisan spouse’s (or parents) produced ware at local market places.Darbas buvo būtina žemesniųjų socialinių sluoksnių pragyvenimo (ir išgyvenimo) sąlyga. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas moterų darbas XVIII a. Vilniuje. Tyrime, remiantis ekonominio pobūdžio šaltiniais, siekiama nustatyti moterų darbo tipus, ištirti moterų darbo užmokesčio dydį ir jo dinamiką, išanalizuoti dirbančių moterų socialinę padėtį ir šeiminį statusą bei šių veiksnių įtaką moterų dirbamo darbo pobūdžiui
Poezijos pabėgimas iš kaimo į miestą tarpukario Lietuvoje
Get PDFThe article examines the thematic transformation of interwar Lithuanian poetry from the countryside to the city in 1918-1940. Based on images and lyrical experiences in interwar Lithuanian poetry, it reviews the changing features of the urban poetry of the time, discusses the city as it is revealed in it; the changing perception of oneself as an individual in the society of the time, the changes in one\u27s environment and community in the face of urbanisation. During the two decades of independent Lithuania, the tension between countryside and urban poetry has come almost full circle: at the beginning of the period, we experience the natural "invasion" of the city into poetry; at the end of the period, the city becomes a commonplace, and the reminiscences of countryside adopt nostalgic feeling.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas tarpukario lietuvių poezijos teminis virsmas iš kaimo į miestą 1918–1940 m. Remiantis vaizdiniais ir lyriniais išgyvenimais tarpukario lietuvių poezijoje, apžvelgiami besikeičiantys to meto miesto poezijos bruožai, aptariamas joje atsiskleidžiantis miestas, svarbus to meto visuomenėje besikeičiantis suvokimas apie save kaip individą, savo aplinkos, bendruomenės pokyčiai urbanizacijos akivaizdoje. Per du nepriklausomos Lietuvos dešimtmečius kaimo ir miesto poezijos įtampa apėjo beveik visą ratą: laikotarpio pradžioje matome natūralų miesto „įsiveržimą“ į poeziją, laikotarpio pabaigoje miestas tampa kasdienybe, jaučiama kaimo nostalgija
Zakątki Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego we wczesnych felietonach Elizy Orzeszkowej
Get PDFThe article recalls little-known columns and literary texts by Orzeszkowa from the earliest period of her work, devoted to descriptions of several parts of the Grodno region, Lithuanian Polesie and Pińszczyzna. The article presents a thesis about the coherence of the vision of the province as a cultural and social space presented in these texts.Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės užkampiai ankstyvuosiuose Elizos Orzeszkowos feljetonuose
Straipsnyje primenami mažai žinomi Orzeszkowos ankstyvosios kūrybos laikotarpio feljetonai ir literatūriniai tekstai, kuriuose aprašomi keli Gardino srities, Lietuvos Polesės ir Pinsko krašto užkampiai. Straipsnyje pristatoma tezė apie šiuose tekstuose pateikiamą provincijos, kultūros ir socialinės erdvės, darną
Rola polskich pisarzy z Litwy w rozwoju polsko-litewskich relacji literackich w XXI wieku
Get PDFPoles are the largest national minority in Lithuania. Among them, several dozen people are involved in creating literature in Polish, and a dozen actively participate in literary life. Despite such a significant potential, the participation of this group in the development of Polish-Lithuanian literary relations was negligible until recently. Polish writers from Lithuania mainly participated in Polish literary life and published their works in Poland. They did not translate them into Lithuanian and did not participate in Lithuanian literary life. The text lists a few examples of the participation of Polish writers from Lithuania in creating literary contacts between Poland and Lithuania, as well as in translation and publishing activities in the field of Polish-Lithuanian literary cooperation. Only in recent years has the activity of Polish writers from Lithuania in this field increased significantly thanks to the involvement of the young literary generation
Litewscy reżyserzy czytają Dziady
Get PDFThe article concerns two theatrical stagings of “Forefathers’ Eve” made by Lithuanian directors: Jonas Vaitkus (Academic Dramatic Theater in Vilnius, 1990) and Eimuntas Nekrošius (National Theater in Warsaw, 2016). The author recalls the history of the reception of both productions, juxtaposes them and analyzes the Lithuanian threads presented in them.Lietuvių režisieriai skaito „Vėlines“Tekstas skirtas dviem Vėlinių pastatymams, kuriuos režisavo lietuviai Jonas Vaitkus (Vilniaus akademinis dramos teatras, 1990) ir Eimuntas Nekrošius (Varšuvos nacionalinis teatras, 2016). Autorė primena, kaip buvo priimami abu pastatymai, sugretina juos ir analizuoja juose esančias lietuviškas gijas
Polskie zamawiania lecznicze w zbiorze rękopisów zamawiań litewskich
Get PDFLithuanian conjurations (zagovory) constitute a unique part of Lithuanian folklore. In the collection of conjurations’ manuscripts described in the publication of Daiva Vaitkevičienė (2008), we will find records of these archaic texts in various languages, including Polish. Polish-language conjurations constitute a separate subgroup in the Balto-Slavic context. Following the chronological criterion, we are dealing with texts of pre-Christian and after-Christ origins. Due to mutual cultural influences as well as functioning of different languages within Lithuania, it is usually not possible to determine the original language of conjuration. Only in a few cases we are able to state, which version of conjuration is its translation. This is indicated primarily by the structure of the text as well as its lexical features, adaptation or transliteration. The article describes the attempt to compare Polish and Lithuanian conjurations’ texts, classify their main themes and analyze how they worked.Lenkų gydomieji užkalbėjimai lietuviškų užkalbėjimų rankraščių rinkinyje Užkalbėjimai sudaro unikalią lietuviškojo folkloro dalį. Užkalbėjimų rankraščių rinkinyje, pristatytame Daivos Vaitkevičienės publikacijoje (2008), randama šių archainių tekstų, kurie užrašyti įvairiomis kalbomis, taip pat ir lenkų. Baltų ir slavų kontekste užkalbėjimai lenkų kalba sudaro atskirą pogrupį. Atsižvelgiant į chronologijos kriterijus, esama tiek iki krikščionybės įvedimo, tiek ir vėliau parašytų tekstų. Dėl įtakos tarpusavio kultūrai ir daugiakalbystės Lietuvos paprastai nėra galimybės nustatyti originalo kalbos, kuria buvo sukurtas užkalbėjimas. Kai kuriais atvejais pasitaiko pavyzdžių, kai galime nustatyti, kuri versija yra vertimas. Nuoroda į tai visų pirma gali būti teksto struktūra, leksiniai ypatumai, tekstų adaptacija arba transliteracija. Straipsnyje mėginama palyginti lenkų ir lietuvių tekstus, klasifikuoti jų motyvus bei temas, taip pat atlikti užkalbėjimų veikimo būdų analizę
