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Žodynai ir automatinis vertimas: ką renkasi besimokantieji lietuvių kalbos kaip svetimosios
Get PDFThis article presents the results of research on using electronic dictionaries and machine translation tools when learning Lithuanian as a foreign language. The aim of this study was to indicate which dictionaries and machine translation tools are used for which purposes and what kinds of difficulties learners experience while using them. The research data were obtained by conducting an anonymous online poll in Lithuanian and English (using Google Forms). The questionnaire contained 15 questions. The participants in the study were chosen by way of availability sampling. The survey was carried out at Vilnius University in March 2023 with 67 respondents: 11 in Lithuanian and 56 in English. The study revealed that when learning Lithuanian as a foreign language, the respondents used both dictionaries and automatic translation tools. Most often, both tools were used for translation from and into Lithuanian. The types of language activities for which these tools were used were reading, writing, and partly listening. Only the respondents to English questionnaires used the mentioned tools for speaking. When learning Lithuanian, both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries were used, but monolingual dictionaries were used more than bilingual ones: 46.27% of respondents used monolingual dictionaries, and 31.34% used bilingual dictionaries.The study confirmed the researchers’ claim that monolingual dictionaries are used more by respondents with a higher level of language proficiency. Automatic translation tools were used by all respondents. The most popular of them is Google Translate, followed by DeepL. Other tools – Reverso, Bing Microsoft Translator, Systran Translate, Yandex Translate, and Lingea – are used by a few and only English questionnaire respondents. Dictionaries were consulted for the meaning of an unknown word, for synonyms, to confirm the meaning and spelling, to find usage examples, the field of the word used, and stress. Automatic translation is used for unknown words, phrases, and sentences to hear the pronunciation and find usage examples. The most common difficulties in using dictionaries were: unclear definitions of words and abbreviations; no text-to-speech function; too few usage examples; and unclear or missing examples. Weaknesses of automatic translation tools indicated by respondents: poor translation quality; lack of a search function; no examples of usage; no text-to-speech.Žodynai neabejotinai yra viena svarbiausių priemonių mokantis kalbų. Pastaruoju metu internete ypač pagausėjo automatinio vertimo priemonių, akimirksniu išverčiančių pateiktus žodžius ar frazes, įgalinančių išgirsti žodžio tarimą ir pan. Naudotis tokiomis priemonėmis greita ir paprasta, be to, nemokama. Dėl šių priežasčių jos tampa labai populiarios, pasigirsta kalbų, kad greitu laiku jos išstums iš vartosenos žodynus. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas apie žodynų ir automatinio vertimo priemonių naudojimą mokantis lietuvių kaip svetimosios kalbos. Apklausoje dalyvavo 67 Vilniaus universitete besimokantys respondentai. Tyrimas atliktas 2023 m. kovą. Nustatyta, kokius žodynus ir automatines vertimo priemones ir kokiais tikslais naudoja respondentai, ko juose dažniausiai ieško ir su kokiais sunkumais susiduria
Lietuvos ir JAV politikų debatuose taikomos nemandagumo strategijos
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to reveal which impoliteness strategies politicians use during electoral TV debates in Lithuania and the USA. To achieve this aim, four debates were analyzed using a quantitative analysis method. The total duration of the debates analyzed was 360 minutes. The study revealed that politicians in Lithuania and the USA primarily use indirect impoliteness strategies, directed towards positive or negative faces of their opponents. Analysis also revealed that politicians in the USA use direct impoliteness strategies 2.4 times more often than politicians in Lithuanian TV debates. The strategy of off-record impoliteness was used the least during debates in each country. Analysis of how impoliteness strategies are expressed revealed that politicians in the USA mostly express impoliteness as statements, while Lithuanian politicians express it using various language resources: presenting it as their opinion, doubt, etc.Šio žvalgomojo tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti, kokias nemandagumo strategijas taiko ir kaip jas išreiškia Lietuvos ir JAV politikai per priešrinkiminius TV debatus. Kokybiniu turinio analizės metodu analizuotos keturios TV debatų laidos, kurių bendra trukmė – 360 min. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad Lietuvos ir JAV politikai dažniausiai taiko netiesiogines nemandagumo strategijas, jas orientuodami į negatyvųjį ir pozityvųjį oponentų įvaizdžius. Taip pat išryškėjo, kad analizuotose JAV debatų laidose tiesioginio nemandagumo strategija buvo pritaikyta 2,4 karto dažniau negu Lietuvos debatuose. Rečiausiai abiejų šalių debatuose buvo pritaikyta užuolankomis reiškiamo nemandagumo strategija. Propozicinio turinio raiškos analizė atskleidė, kad JAV debatuose oponentą menkinantis turinys buvo dažniausiai reiškiamas teiginiais, varžovą menkinantį turinį konstatuojant kaip faktą. Lietuvos politikai vienas kitą menkino pasitelkdami įvairius kalbos išteklius: pateikdami tai kaip savo nuomonę, abejonę ir pan
Blokų grandinės technologija organizuojant visuotinius akcininkų susirinkimus: teisiniai ir technologiniai iššūkiai
Get PDFThis article analyses the practical application of blockchain technology in the organisation of annual general meetings. The paper presents examples of the spreading application of the technology in foreign companies. In addition, it discusses the legal regulation of the organisation of annual general meetings in Lithuania, which is relevant for the practical application of the technology: authentication of shareholders and voting. Furthermore, the perspectives of blockchain technology in the Lithuanian market and its companies are reviewed.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamas blokų grandinės technologijos praktinis pritaikymas, organizuojant visuotinius akcininkų susirinkimus. Darbe pristatomi plintantys technologijos pritaikymo pavyzdžiai užsienio bendrovėse. Be to, aptariamas visuotinių akcininkų susirinkimo organizavimo teisinis reguliavimas Lietuvoje, aktualus praktiniam technologijos pritaikymui: akcininkų autentifikavimui bei balsavimui. Apžvelgiamos blokų grandinės technologijos perspektyvos Lietuvos rinkoje ir jos bendrovėse
Key Trends in the Case Law of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania in Application of European Union Law in Tax Disputes
Get PDFThe article analyses cases of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania and the impact the case-law of the European Court of Justice has made in this area of administrative legal relations. The dual nature of regulation in the tax sphere, where certain taxes and customs are directly regulated by EU law, while other taxes are left for the competence of the Member States, makes it an area of legal relations particularly perceptive to jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. The analysis is focused on two types of cases – cases concerning value added tax and the right of a taxable person to deduct it, where the directive of the European Union is applicable; and cases concerning external trade of the EU, where the European Union Customs Code applies. As far as the application of the European Union Customs Code is concerned, the article limits itself to cases related to unlawfully imported goods into the customs territory of the European Union goods, which are subject to excise duty. The author of the article comes to a conclusion that from a twenty-year perspective of EU law application in the case-law of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania, a clear trend towards consistency with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and a tendency to refer to the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling is observed
Kalbotyros straipsnių sąsajos su kitais mokslo tekstais
Get PDFScholarly text conventions are important when writing texts, especially in a foreign language. Intertextual relations with other texts are a characteristic feature of scientific language. As Lithuanian and foreign researchers point out, this is manifested by quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing. In examining the intertextuality of academic language, researchers also draw attention to its multilingualism. Based on the above-mentioned forms of intertextuality, this article analyses the intertextuality features of linguistics articles written in Lithuanian. The analysis shows that direct quotations in Lithuanian articles include short phrases or even full sentences from other authors’ texts imbedded in a sentence, with or without introductory phrases. In English, Polish or Russian, direct quotations can also be inserted into a sentence. Quotations from other languages are given with or without translation. Paraphrasing has been observed to be more frequently used, as the reformulated statements of other authors do not destroy the linguistic integrity and cohesion of the text. This is especially useful when quoting texts in other languages.
A reference is one in which the text does not directly or indirectly reproduce the statements of other authors, but merely refers in some way to previous research. Scholarly terms from other languages, usually English, presented as equivalents of other languages together with the Lithuanian term or even without it., may be treated as a case of multilingual intertextuality. Although precision is often pointed out as a feature of academic language, the linguistics articles analyzed show many instances of paraphrasing and referential intertextuality. Such intertextual interfaces substantiate the research presented in the article or the scientific issues raised, establish their place within a wider range of sources, and convey the author’s thought in a condensed way in the language of the publication, without breaking the typographic and linguistic unity of the text. Multilingual intertextuality shows that it is important for researchers of the Lithuanian language, who publish their texts in Lithuanian, to locate their research in the international context of linguistics and to establish a scientific dialogue with researchers of other countries and languages
Kripto turto apmokestinimas Lietuvoje ir užsienyje: vertinimai, siūlymai tobulinimui
Get PDFThe article analyses national and foreign approaches to the legal regulation of ICO, STO and cryptocurrencies from a comparative perspective, examines the models of taxation of crypto assets in Lithuania and Japan, and pays special attention to the legal regulation in Germany as an EU country. It concludes that the tax and legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in Lithuania and Germany is similar, as both countries follow the principle of neutrality – they do not prohibit, but they do not regulate by law. The paper also makes recommendations for recognising cryptocurrencies as legal tender by including regulation of crypto assets in national tax laws, defining types of crypto assets, uniform concepts, and taxation principles. According to the authors, such a solution would provide more legal certainty for natural and legal persons and would help to manage the risks associated with crypto assets.Straipsnyje lyginamuoju aspektu analizuojami nacionaliniai ir užsienio šalių požiūriai į ICO, STO ir kriptovaliutų teisinį reguliavimą, nagrinėjami kripto turto apmokestinimo modeliai Lietuvoje ir Japonijoje, ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas teisiniam reguliavimui Vokietijoje, kaip ES šalyje. Daroma išvada, kad kriptovaliutų apmokestinimas ir teisinis reguliavimas Lietuvoje ir Vokietijoje yra panašus, nes abi šalys laikosi neutralumo principo – nedraudžia, bet ir įstatymiškai nereguliuoja. Straipsnyje taip pat pateikiamos rekomendacijos dėl kriptovaliutų pripažinimo teisėta mokėjimo priemone, įtraukiant kriptovaliutų reguliavimą į nacionalinius mokesčių įstatymus, apibrėžiant kriptovaliutų rūšis, vienodas sąvokas ir apmokestinimo principus. Pasak autorių, toks sprendimas suteiktų daugiau teisinio tikrumo fiziniams ir juridiniams asmenims ir padėtų valdyti su kriptovaliutomis susijusią riziką
Civil Servants’ Right to Information and Consultation
Get PDFThe article aims to analyze the status and applicability of a new generation rights – right to consultation and right to consultation – for civil servants. The author refers to a right of consultation of employees and assesses, whether such a right is extended to civil servants in the same or similar manner under the current legal framework in Lithuania. The research is carried out form a national, EU and international perspectives, where the international and EU documents serve as the basis and national practices of other jurisdictions serve as examples. Historical, teleological, systematic analysis and comparative methods are used to examine the scope of the right to information and consultation, the grounds for the (non-)application of these rights in the civil service in Lithuania as well as the prospects for the consolidation of these rights. The relevance of the research is linked to the national debates on the mandatory nature of labor councils in the civil service and relevant caselaw of the European Court of Justice. The author comes to a conclusion that the right to information currently is not guaranteed under the Lithuanian law but argues that the similarity of individual and collective situation of civil servants and employees makes a strong argument that it would be appropriate to develop a softer version of the information and consultation mechanism for civil servants
Cases Against Lithuania in the European Court of Human Rights (2019–2021): In Search of Landmark Judgments
Get PDFThe article deals with the 2019–2021 case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in cases against Lithuania, trying to identify landmark judgments, i.e., such judgments that may have a lasting effect on the Court’s future case-law. Virtually all ECtHR Chamber judgments adopted in the said period, by which cases were decided on the merits, as well as inadmissibility decisions are discussed. Their significance not only for the Strasbourg Court’s case-law but also for Lithuanian law (including courts’ case-law) is demonstrated, some pertinent problems of Lithuanian law are identified, which are particularly highlighted by the Strasbourg Court’s judgments in “Lithuanian” cases. Using the method of exclusion, three judgments of the said period are selected, which could be treated (in advance and subject to reservations) as landmark ones: Drėlingas v. Lithuania (2019), Rinau v. Lithuania (2020) and – as the “most suitable” candidate for the status of a landmark judgment – Beizaras and Levickas v. Lithuania (2020). The article provides an explanation, nowhere laid out so far, what factors may have led to that that the Drėlingas judgment, as it is, has at all become possible, which, although being a Chamber judgment, clearly dissonates with the Grand Chamber judgment in Vasiliauskas v. Lithuania (2015)
Nuotolinis visuotinis akcininkų susirinkimas: ar gerbiamos akcininkų teisės?
Get PDFA lockdown due to Covid-19 virus, which restricted the right to gather, was announced by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania in March 2020. The lockdown severely affected the activity of public and private limited liability companies’ body – the general meeting of shareholders, i. e. the manager’s had to find alternative ways to organize the general meeting of shareholders that would not pose a risk to the shareholders’ health due to the pandemic situation.In this article we will discuss the problems that arise from moving the general meeting of shareholders to electronic space, whether the rights of the shareholders are respected in such situation and how the general meeting of shareholders was organized in 2020 and 2021 when taking into account the recommendations adopted by Government resolutions