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К проблеме интерпретации самоубийства кроткой в одноименной повести Ф. М. Достоевского
Get PDFThe article examines Fyodor Dostoevsky’s story Krotkaya (also titled A Gentle Creature) in the context of the interpretation of the main character’s suicide and provides a brief overview of opposing interpretations of the work. Despite the abundance of different interpretations, from biographical to religious connotations of the story, little attention has been paid to interpretations using a psychological approach. In connection with these, the author of the article proposes to expand the interpretation of the main character’s suicide from moral and ethical to psychological motives, by relying on the theory of destructive attraction developed by Sabina Spielrein. The article characterizes the concept of destructive drive and pays special attention to the issue of illustrations of the manifestation of the destructive drive directly from the main character of the story.В статье дается краткий обзор противоположных истолкований повести Федора Достоевского «Кроткая», связанных с проблемой интерпретации самоубийства главной героини. Несмотря на обилие различных трактовок суицида, от биографических до религиозных, мало внимания уделяется комментариям с использованием психологического подхода. В свете этого автор статьи пытается расширить понимание причин самоубийства главной героини, опираясь на теорию деструктивного влечения, разработанную Сабиной Шпильрейн. В статье дается характеристика концепции деструктивного влечения, особое внимание уделяется тому, как деструктивное влечение проявляется у главной героини повести
Лингвистика и идеология в Букваре В. Г. Горецкого и его коллег
Get PDFThe article discusses the primer book (Bukvar), which was created in the USSR in 1969 and has been used as a permanent school textbook since 1982. It is still being used in modern Russian schools. The textbook is based on a modified sound analytic-synthetic method of teaching reading. Numerous reprints of the primer allow analyzing the changes in the linguistic component of the methods of teaching schoolchildren to read, as well as examining the evolution of the ideological aspect of this book.В статье речь идет о Букваре, который был создан в СССР в 1969 г., с 1982 г. использовался как стабильный школьный учебник. Используется он и в современной российской школе. За основу учебника был взят видоизмененный звуковой аналитико-синтетический метод обучения чтению. Многочисленные переиздания Букваря позволяют проследить и проанализировать изменения, происходившие в лингвистической составляющей методики обучения школьников чтению, а также рассмотреть эволюцию идеологической составляющей данной книги
Феномен словотворчества как разновидность языковой игры (на примере интернет-словаря Slovodna)
Get PDFThis study aims to investigate the implementation of the phenomenon of word creation as a kind of а language game in the modern media space – the social network Instagram.The theoretical part of the study is based on several works devoted to the phenomenon under study by Boris Norman, Vladimir Sannikov, Tatiana Kuranova, and Lidia Malygina.The basis of the practical part of the article was the analysis of examples from the Internet dictionary SlovoDna, aimed at comparing language game techniques with their direct implementation in the modern Russian language.Current work uses methods such as introspection and reconstruction of the internal form of wordplay and their word-forming analysis. As a result of the research, nonce words are singled out into several subgroups based on the method of formation (reception); the main functions of the word-formation language game implemented by the authors of the Internet dictionary while creating words are determined; conclusions about the linguistic experiments of SlovoDna are made.В статье рассматривается реализация феномена словотворчества как разновидности языковой игры в современном медиапространстве – социальной сети Instagram. Теоретическая часть исследования основана на работах Б. Нормана «Игра на гранях языка» и В. Санникова «Русский язык в зеркале языковой игры», статье Т. Курановой «Функции языковой игры в медиаконтексте» и лекции Л. Малыгиной «Языковая игра».Основой практической части исследования стал анализ примеров из интернет-словаря SlovoDna, направленный на сопоставление приемов языковой игры с их непосредственной реализацией в современном русском языке.При анализе феномена языковой игры использовались методы интроспекции и реконструкции внутренней формы обыгрываемых слов путем их словообразовательного анализа.В практической части исследования созданные в результате языковой игры слова-окказионализмы распределены по группам на основании способов (приемов) их образования; определены основные функции словообразовательной языковой игры, реализованные авторами интернет-словаря при создании слов-окказионализмов; сделаны выводы о лингвистических экспериментах SlovoDna
Įgyjamosios senaties institutas Lietuvoje: keliai ir klystkeliai
Get PDFThis article analyzes the concept of the institute of acquisitive prescription, its purpose, conditions of application and occurance in practice, the legal acts that were in force in Lithuania in the past, the sources of Roman era and the jurisprudence. The work points out that in the era of Roman private law domination, the understanding of the acquisitive prescription is distinctive from what we have today. Nevertheless, the institute of acquisitive prescription is interpreted through the prism of prescription as an actual state. The work also discusses the problematic aspects of the institute: the exclusive inviolability of state property is questioned, the controversial nature of the absence of registration as a condition of legality. Taking into account the stated drawbacks of the institute, its possible changes and the associated possible benefits for both the state and people are also foreseen. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama įgyjamosios senaties instituto samprata, jo paskirtis, taikymo sąlygos bei pasireiškimas praktikoje, praeityje Lietuvoje galioję teisės aktai, įgyjamosios senaties instituto romėnų laikų pradininkų šaltiniai, teismų praktika. Darbe nurodoma, jog romėnų privatinės teisės viešpatavimo laikais įgyjamosios senaties supratimas nuo to, kokį mes turime šiandien, skiriasi. Be kita ko, įgyjamosios senaties institutas aiškinamas per valdymo kaip faktinės būsenos prizmę. Darbe aptariami ir probleminiai instituto aspektai: kvestionuojamas valstybės nuosavybės išimtinis neliečiamumas, registravimo nebuvimo, kaip teisėtumo sąlygos būtinumo, kontraversiškumas. Atsižvelgiant į nurodytus instituto trūkumus, numatomi ir galimi jo pakeitimai bei su jais susijusi galima nauda tiek valstybei, tiek žmogui. 
Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo Tarybos (ne)veikimas Rusijos agresijos kontekste: ar naivu tikėtis permainų?
Get PDFRussia’s aggression against sovereign Ukraine in February 2022 has once again highlighted the shortcomings of the UNSC mechanism. The UNSC, which continues the work of its predecessor, the League of Nations, and which has the mission of maintaining world peace and security, is incapable, in the context of the war in Ukraine, of adopting the necessary resolutions and other actions that would help to put an end to the ongoing aggression.
The planned reforms of the UNSC have not been implemented in the past, and therefore face the insurmountable obstacle of Russia, one of the 5 permanent members, being the aggressor state and constantly vetoing UNSC resolutions. Both the requirements for amending the UN Charter itself and the voting process legally make it impossible to remove Russia from the UNSC unless the aggressor itself votes to remove its delegation from the UNSC. Observing Russia’s actions during the war in Ukraine, it is safe to say that Russia will not give up the opportunity to continue to enjoy the place in the SC that it took over from the USSR after its collapse in 1991. An analysis of the practice of international law and the historical context in which the UNSC operates leads to the conclusion that the UNSC is currently functioning as an organisation that is unable to fulfil its core functions due to the limitations of the UN Charter. It is hardly possible to revive an organisation in which the aggressor state and the violator of international law have veto power. 2022 m. vasarį pradėta Rusijos agresija prieš suverenią Ukrainą dar kartą išryškino JT ST veikimo mechanizmo spragas. JT ST, kuri tęsia savo pirmtakės Tautų Sąjungos veiklą, ir turi misiją palaikyti taiką ir saugumą pasaulyje, Ukrainos karo kontekste yra nepajėgi priimti būtinų rezoliucijų ir imtis kitų veiksmų, kurie padėtų sustabdyti vykstančią agresiją.
Planuotos JT ST reformos anksčiau nebuvo įgyvendintos, todėl susiduriama su neįveikiama kliūtimi – viena iš 5 nuolatinių narių – Rusija – esanti yra valstybė agresorė, nuolat vetuoja ST rezoliucijas. JT Chartijoje įtvirtinti tiek pačios JT Chartijos keitimo reikalavimai, tiek balsavimo procedūros procesas teisiškai neleidžia pašalinti Rusiją iš JT ST, kol pati agresorė nebalsuotų už savo delegacijos pašalinimą iš ST. Stebint Rusijos veiksmus karo Ukrainoje metu, galima teigti, jog Rusija neatsisakys galimybės ir toliau mėgautis vieta ST, kuri buvo perimta iš SSRS, šiai 1991 m. žlugus. Išanalizavus tarptautinės teisės praktiką ir pasitelkiant istorinį JT ST veikimo kontekstą, daroma išvada, jog šiuo metu JT ST veikia kaip organizacija, dėl JT Chartijoje esančių apribojimų, nesugebanti vykdyti savo pagrindinių funkcijų. Vargu ar įmanoma atgaivinti organizaciją, kurioje valstybė agresorė ir tarptautinės teisės pažeidėja turi veto teisę. 
Kai kurie legislatyvinės omisijos konstitucingumo kontrolės aspektai
Get PDFThe absence of the appropriate legislation in some areas of social relations or, in other words, the situation when certain social relations are not legally regulated, although there is a need to regulate them, implies the existence of a legal gap (lacuna legis). A legislative omission is a special legal gap because it is prohibited by Law, first of all, by supreme law – the Constitution.
The constitutional competence to investigate the constitutionality of legal gaps prohibited by Law was disclosed by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania at the beginning of the second
decade of its activity. The competence to declare the existence of legislative omissions was derived from the power of the Constitutional Court, stipulated in the Constitution, to administrate constitutional justice and to guarantee the supremacy of the Constitution, with a view to the better protection of the human rights and freedoms. It was argued that not only a particular legal regulation, but also the absence of it, when the necessity to establish such a legal regulation stems from the Constitution, can lead to the violation of the human rights and freedoms.
The article analyses the conception of the legislative omission in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and the constitutional review institutions of some other states. It also discusses the reasons which determined the choice of the model of the constitutional review of legislative omissions in Lithuania. Finally, the article examines some cases of the review of the constitutionality of legal gaps in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The authors argue that the legislature has the duty under the Constitution to adopt a legal regulation not only in those cases where the Constitutional Court finds a legal omission and recognizes that the challenged legal act is non-compliant with the Constitution, but also in those cases where, in the official constitutional doctrine, the Constitutional Court formulates some constitutional requirements which presuppose the establishment of a missing legal regulation. 
Savivaldžių miestų valdininkijos darbolaikis LDK XVI–XVIII a.: Merkinės atvejis
Get PDFThe history of the cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has in recent years attracted more and more interest in the context of Magdeburg law, city institutions, ruling elites, etc. However, to this day there has been no significant research on the working time of city officials, and certain aspects, such as the organization of work during festivals, are used as details to supplement the historical narrative. This article focuses on the working time of the municipal cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–18th centuries, using the city of Merkinė as a reference point. The study aims to find out how the working time of municipal cities was defined by normative documents, when elections and appointments of officials took place in Merkinė, how long the term of office lasted, and when the council and the court of advocatus – lay judges worked. The main part of the article is devoted to the definition of the working time (annual, monthly, weekly) of the municipal bodies of Merkinė (the council and the court of advocatus – lay judges). The work is illustrated by tables based on the data from the act books of the court of advocatus – lay judges and the council.LDK miestų istorija pastaraisiais metais sulaukia vis daugiau susidomėjimo Magdeburgo teisės, miestų institucijų, valdančiojo elito ir kt. kontekste, tačiau iki šiol nėra svarių tyrimų miestų pareigūnų, t. y. valdininkų, darbo laiko tema, o atskiri aspektai, pavyzdžiui, darbo organizavimas švenčių metu, naudojami kaip istorinį naratyvą papildančios detalės. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės savivaldžių miestų darbolaikis XVI–XVIII a., atramos tašku pasirenkant Merkinės miestą. Tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip savivaldžių miestų darbolaikį apibrėžė normatyviniai dokumentai, kada Merkinėje vyko pareigūnų rinkimai ir paskyrimai, kiek truko valdininkijos kadencijos, kada dirbo taryba bei vaito ir suolininkų teismas. Didžiąją straipsnio dalį sudaro Merkinės miesto institucijų (vaito ir suolininkų teismo bei tarybos) aktų knygų analizės metu surinkti duomenys apie magdeburginės savivaldos organų darbo laiką (metinį, mėnesinį, savaitinį). Darbas iliustruojamas lentelėmis, sudarytomis remiantis vaito ir suolininkų teismo bei tarybos aktų knygų duomenimis
Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Aleksandro Jogailaičio kanceliarijos rusėniški dokumentai paleografiniu aspektu
Get PDFThe article examines paleographic specifics of Ruthenian documents of Alexander Jagiellon (1492–1506), Grand Duke of Lithuania. We looked into 17 documents of this ruler, kept in Lithuania and Poland. The examination of Alexander Jagiellon’s Ruthenian documents enabled us to establish the following: 1) the documents were written on two types of material – parchment or paper – using black or brown ink; 2) the documents were authenticated with pendant or applied seals of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, while other means of authentication such as signatures of the ruler or his officials were not detected; 3) individual letters in the texts of the documents are enlarged and/or decorated; 4) in all these documents, the slant of the letters varies (the letters are either vertical or slanted to the left or right); 5) some letters (mostly consonants) are raised above words, even though they make only a small part of all letters in the documents; 6) some words are made shorter by omitting vowels; 7) words are often (but not always) separated by spaces; 8) letters in individual words are almost never connected. The paleographic analysis of Alexander Jagiellon’s Ruthenian documents confirms an idea (expressed in historiography as early as in the last century) of the conditionality of the term “cursive” and manifestation of some traits of semi-uncial in Ruthenian documents of the Chancery of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in the 16th century. The Ruthenian documents of this ruler display features of both cursive and semi-uncial or even uncial. We also attempted to identify individuals (Alexander Jagiellon’s scribes) who could have been responsible for the preparation of documents and documents that could have been written by the same individual