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Erazmo Roterdamiečio leidiniai Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekoje
Get PDFThis paper analyses the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam in the collection of Vilnius University Library, printed during the 16th–18th c. Erasmus’ reception in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remains a largely unexplored topic. Historiography only alludes to specific cases so a broader overview would contribute to a deeper understanding of the developments of the reading society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The aim of this the paper is to provide comprehensive analysis and explore the topics of the variety of titles, geography of Erasmus’ publishing, history of ownership and reading culture. As most of the copies in Lithuania belonged to clergy or religious orders, theologically and philologically themed works were the most popular. Erasmus’ satires were not as numerous but more longevous in terms of popularity. Most of the copies reached Lithuania from German and Dutch printers. Predominantly Catholic ownership in Lithuania resulted in cases of censorship, most of which were relatively mild as compared to other Catholic countries. Marginalia suggest an active and engaging reader.Straipsnyje pristatomas Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos (toliau – VUB) rinkinys – Erazmo Roterdamiečio leidiniai, išleisti XVI–XVIII a. Erazmo veikalų recepcija Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje nėra ištyrinėta tema. Istoriografijoje užsimenama apie ypatingus atvejus, kurie retai patys tampa tyrimo objektu. Platesnė apžvalga prisidėtų prie gilesnio skaitančiosios visuomenės ir jos kultūros XVI–XVIII a. Lietuvoje pažinimo.
Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas – atlikti kuo išsamesnę VUB esančių Erazmo leidinių egzempliorių apžvalgą. Analizuojami rinkinio aspektai: leidinių populiarumas, leidimo vietų geografija, savininkų ratas ir skaitymo kultūra. Akivaizdu, kad dauguma egzempliorių priklausė dvasininkijai, o tai lėmė, kad populiariausi buvo teologinės ir filologinės pakraipos Erazmo leidimai. Šiandien geriau žinomos satyros ne tokios gausios, tačiau ilgiau išliko populiarios. Dauguma egzempliorių pasiekė Lietuvą iš vokiškų ir olandiškų leidybos centrų. Lietuvos savininkų katalikiškas profilis lėmė, kad dalis leidinių buvo cenzūruoti, tačiau šie atvejai ne tokie drastiški kaip kitur. Marginalijos byloja apie išsilavinusį Erazmo skaitytojų ratą Lietuvoje
Senmergė: netekėjusios moters portretas vėlyvojo sovietmečio Lietuvos spaudoje
Get PDFThe work examines a portrait of an unmarried woman called “spinster” of the late Soviet era (1968–1985), in the Soviet Lithuanian press. This research is not about unmarried or childless woman, but only those who have been considered “spinster”. The existence of a “spinster” in the press is not analyzed at all. It should be noted, that the very concept of the “spinster” is a problem, which is why this work examines its definition based on the understanding of the time.Straipsnyje tiriamas vėlyvojo sovietmečio (1968–1985) netekėjusios moters, dar vadintos senmerge, portretas sovietų Lietuvos spaudoje. Nagrinėjama ne, apskritai, netekėjusi ar vaikų neturinti moteris, bet laikoma senmerge. Senmergės portretas spaudoje tyrėjų nėra analizuotas. Reikia pažymėti, kad senmergės sąvoka problemiška, todėl šiame darbe ieškoma jos apibrėžties, remiantis to meto samprata
Gedimino laiškai ir pirmosios dominikonų bažnyčios Vilniuje problema
Get PDFThis article seeks to answer a seemingly simple question: did the Dominican church exist in Vilnius during the reign of the Lithuanian grand duke Gediminas (1316–1341)? It is mentioned in a several letters of this ruler that were produced in 1323 and, therefore, the idea that this church was a real thing received wide currency in numerous historiographical works. However, the comprehensible analysis of the contradictory information regarding this subject-matter, and the very absence of its mention in a letter addressed to the Dominicans themselves, allowed the author of this paper to advance a thesis that this church, in all probability and likelihood, did not exist at all. The fact that it was mentioned might be interpreted as an attempt by Gediminas to produce a most positive image of his (pagan) country in the eyes of the intended (Roman Christian) audience. In sum, Gediminas collaborated more closely with the Franciscans, but some Dominican friars also were present at his court in 1323. It would be extremely interesting to know whence they came. However, for the lack of conclusive evidence this question must remain unanswered
Kelios pastabos iš valdovo kanceliarijos darbo praktikų jos laikino valdytojo Ivano Hornostajaus laikais 1540–1546 metais (Lietuvos Metrikos knygų Nr. 24, 28 ir 231 (12-osios TBK) duomenimis)
Get PDFThis article presents an analysis of three Lithuanian Metrica books, formed in around 1540–1544, namely – books No. 24, 28 and Court Case Book No. 12, looking at their purpose and interrelativity, and the value of their information as historical sources. The author of this article found some source-research related confusion in these books, due to which historians studying this period may inadvertently incorporate a degree of undesirable errors in their work. The above-mentioned books of the Lithuanian Metrica were formed at a time when the state treasurer and grand ducal chancellery clerk Ivan Hornostay was serving as the head of the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following the death of Chancellor Albertas Goštautas (December, 1539).In presenting the work practices executed by the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1540–1544, the analysis of the interrelation of Lithuanian Metrica books No. 24, 28 and Court Case Book No. 12 and the “movement” of the documents they contained allowed me to arrive at several observations. The chancellery’s work practices were found to indicate the considered redaction of texts, whereby seeking to give them the attributes of an official document, changes and additions to the regular formulated language would be made. Hornostay is deemed the most important official-bureaucrat in this activity, having direct control over the clerks in the chancellery of King and Grand Duke Sigismund the Old and indirectly – of his wife, Queen Bona, and son Sigismund Augustus, as official documents issued in the ruler’s name could only be stamped and entered into the chartulary (chartularium) kept by Marcin Tur with Hornostay’s knowledge. The noticeably significant impact of Hornostay on the ruler made it possible to influence the latter’s official decisions regarding various matters in the internal life of the state. Hornostay was the most important chancellery official not only in 1540–1544 as the executor of the chancellor’s office, but earlier as well. The bureaucratic purpose of these three analysed books of the Lithuanian Metrica may be explained differently than by grouping them into Books of Inscriptions (No. 24 and 28) and a Court Case Book (Court Case Book No. 12), as the modern period historiographic scheme of 1887 devised by Stanisław Ptaszycki dictates. Rather, we should consider Lithuanian Metrica Book No. 24 as the chartulary Book of Inscriptions containing the ruler’s official documents, whereas Book No. 28 and Court Case Book No. 12 were formed from series of clerks’ files, in which the majority of documents were not yet officially authorised – these were drafts, concepts (minutes), preliminary papers, court case protocols, the ruler’s provisional resolutions and alike. In both of the latter books of the Lithuanian Metrica we find the drafts of documents of various content, even though court case documents dominate in one book, while the other had mostly grants (endowments), records of provenance, and alike. This kind of record-keeping was found to lack consistency in the manner that documents were ordered, the documents themselves having been entered haphazardly.This research of three books of the Lithuanian Metrica by no means explains all of the aspects of the activities of the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from that time, but only accounts for several years after the death of Albertas Goštautas. These aspects are related to the same changes to document content that were made during the progression from a draft to its official version
W obliczu klęski Prus – o działaniach władz guberni litewskich na przełomie lat 1806–1807
Get PDFIn the autumn of 1806, in view of the defeat of Prussia in the clash with France and the approach of Napoleon’s army to the borders of Russia, the Russian authorities became concerned about the loyalty of their Polish subjects. The authorities of the Lithuanian governorates took preventive measures to preclude an uprising movement and preserve public peace. In particular, attempts were made to seal the border. More careful attention was paid to the movement of people, and care was taken to ensure that travellers did not bring anti-government writings into Russia. Intelligence activities were intensified to monitor the disposition of the population. Emperor Alexander I ordered that any insurrectionary uprising be vigorously suppressed by the harshest means, including the use of the army. At the same time, the authorities tried to avoid anything that could fuel popular discontent. By the Emperor’s decision, the use of ukases in the courts, which, in the opinion of the Lithuanian nobility, hindered the conduct of judicial proceedings, was stopped. Attempts were made to introduce strict discipline in military units to prevent abuse of the civilian population. A police force was put on alert to put suspicious people arriving from abroad under surveillance. Signals of contact between Lithuanian residents and the French army were investigated
Moteris prie istorijos šaltinio. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys, skirtas profesorės Irenos Valikonytės 75 metų jubiliejui
No full textStraipsnių rinkinyje, skirtame prof. Irenos Valikonytės 75 metų jubiliejui, autoriai iš Lietuvos, Lenkijos ir Ukrainos tyrinėja įvairius Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės istorijos objektus, daug dėmesio skiria istorijos šaltinių (ypač Lietuvos Metrikos) tyrimams, LDK teisinės kultūros ir moterų padėties klausimams. Knygos tekstai lietuvių ir lenkų kalbomis su angliškomis santraukomis, papildyti interviu, kuriame prof. I. Valikonytė pasakoja apie savo asmeninį ir mokslinį kelią
Prostitution in Lithuania in 1935–1940
Get PDFThe article analyses the peculiarities of prostitution regulation in Lithuania until the mid-1930s, with a focus on the significance of reforms carried out in 1935. The research revealed that while control over prostitution persisted, efforts were made to reduce factors of exploitation by imposing criminal liability primarily on those profiting the most from prostitution, such as brothel keepers and procurers. Furthermore, using criminal laws and archival material, the study examined the practices of law enforcement institutions - the police and the courts - in prostitution cases, as well as the conditions of brothel keeping and procuring, and the working and living conditions of prostitutes, along with their daily life aspects.Straipsnyje analizuojamos iki XX a. ketvirtojo dešimtmečio vidurio Lietuvoje vyravusios prostitucijos reglamentavimo ypatybės, tirta 1935 m. įvykdytų pertvarkų reikšmė. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad, prostitučių kontrolei išlikus, vis dėlto stengtasi sumažinti išnaudojimo veiksnį, numatyta baudžiamoji atsakomybė iš prostitucijos daugiausiai besipelniusiems viešnamių laikytojams ir sąvadautojams. Be to, pasitelkus baudžiamuosius įstatymus ir archyvinius dokumentus, tyrime nagrinėta teisėsaugos institucijų – policijos ir teismų darbo praktika prostitucijos bylose, paleistuvaujamųjų namų laikymo ir sąvadavimo aplinkybės bei prostitučių darbo ir gyvenimo sąlygos, jų kasdienio gyvenimo ypatybės
Kailinių žvėrelių auginimo uždraudimas Lietuvoje: pagrįsta gyvūnų apsaugos priemonė ar perteklinis ūkinės veiklos laisvės suvaržymas?
Get PDFThe research work analyses the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union and legal doctrine relevant to restrictions on the freedom of economic activity (inter alia, the prohibition of economic activity). Based on these sources, the conditions for the application of the most stringent measure restricting the freedom of economic activity – prohibition of economic activity – are identified. After discussing the theoretical aspect of the prohibition of economic activity, a legal analysis of a practical example – the prohibition of breeding and keeping fur-bearing animals – is presented.In the first parts of the thesis, an analysis of the doctrine of the Constitutional Court and supranational courts reveals the prevailing concept of freedom of economic activity at the national and international levels, as well as the main conditions for its restriction. Furthermore, the key measures for the protection of legitimate expectations in the event of a prohibition of economic activity are identified.The paper then analyses the specific case of the prohibition of breeding and keeping of fur-bearing animals in Lithuania as of 1 January 2027 from the point of view of the conditions set out in the doctrine, the principles of proportionality and the protection of legitimate expectations. Considering that the prohibition of breeding and keeping of fur-bearing animals is the first case of a complete prohibition of economic activities in Lithuania, the authors of this paper analyse the proportionality of the regulation in question and the guarantee of the protection of legitimate expectations, using the examples of vacatio legis and compensation mechanisms provided for in analogous legal regulations adopted abroad. The work also analyses the compliance of the established compensation mechanism for losses incurred by the breeders of fur-bearing animals with the Constitution and the legal principles.Moksliniame darbe analizuojama ūkinės veiklos laisvės apribojimams (inter alia, ūkinės veiklos uždraudimui) aktuali Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo, Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo ir Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo jurisprudencija, teisės doktrina. Šių šaltinių pagrindu išskiriamos ūkinės veiklos laisvės ribojimo priemonės – ūkinės veiklos uždraudimo – taikymo sąlygos. Aptarus teorinius ūkinės veiklos uždraudimo aspektus, pateikiama praktinio pavyzdžio – kailinių žvėrelių veisimo ir laikymo uždraudimo – teisinė analizė.Pirmose darbo dalyse atliekamos Konstitucinio Teismo bei supranacionalinių teismų doktrinos analizės pagrindu atskleidžiama nacionaliniu bei tarptautiniu lygmeniu vyraujanti ūkinės veiklos laisvės samprata bei pagrindinės jos ribojimo sąlygos. Taip pat nustatomos pagrindinės teisėtų lūkesčių apsaugos užtikrinimo priemonės, taikytinos ūkinės veiklos uždraudimo atveju.Išskirtų ūkinės veiklos ribojimo sąlygų, taip pat proporcingumo ir teisėtų lūkesčių apsaugos principų pagrindu toliau darbe pateikiama konkretaus atvejo – kailinių žvėrelių veisimo ir laikymo uždraudimo Lietuvoje nuo 2027 m. sausio 1 d. – analizė. Atsižvelgdami į tai, jog kailinių žvėrelių veisimo ir laikymo ūkinės veiklos uždraudimas yra pirmasis Lietuvoje visiško ūkinės veiklos uždraudimo atvejis, šio darbo autoriai analizuoja aptariamo reguliavimo proporcingumą ir teisėtų lūkesčių apsaugos užtikrinimą remdamiesi užsienio pavyzdžiais. Darbe taip pat analizuojama nustatyto kompensacinio mechanizmo, skirto atlyginti kailinių žvėrelių augintojų praradimus, atitiktis Konstitucijai ir teisės principams
Авангардистские творческие установки русских писательниц Серебряного века
Get PDFThe article presents the avant-garde, and thus the work of Russian women writers, poets and publicists of the Silver Age, centred on new forms and bold, often provocative plots. The subject of characterisation is the creative attitudes of those authors who, in the period in question, in accordance with the spirit of the epoch, firstly, revealed their individuality to readers and, secondly, touched upon themes ‘forbidden’ up to that time. The author makes an attempt to present the work of those Russian women writers who, in connection with the multifaceted development of literature at the turn of the century, created works in a new style, centered around such issues as: love (in its various guises), gender attitudes and the involvement of women in various conflicts of the surrounding reality. The exploratory analysis of women’s writing of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has shown that the new modern era, characterised by a diversity of schools and creative groupings, contributed to the expansion of the boundaries of the themes of women’s literature.В статье представлено авангардистское, а значит, сосредоточенное на новых формах и смелых, нередко провокационных сюжетах, творчество русских писательниц, поэтесс и публицисток Серебряного века. Предметом характеристики стали творческие установки тех авторов, которые в указанный период, в соответствии с духом эпохи, во-первых, раскрывали перед читателями свою индивидуальность и, во-вторых, затрагивали «запрещенные» до того времени темы. Автор предпринял попытку представить творчество тех русских писательниц, которые в связи с многосторонним развитием литературы рубежа веков создавали произведения в новой стилистике, сосредоточивались вокруг таких вопросов, как любовь (в ее разных обличиях), гендерные установки и вовлечение женщины в различные конфликты окружающей реальности. Разведочный анализ женского писательства конца XIX – начала XX в. показал, что новая эпоха модерна, характеризующаяся разнообразием школ и творческих группировок, способствовала расширению границ тем женской литературы