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Le fractionnement des monnaies en Gaule et dans les Germanies, de la Tène finale au Haut Empire
No full textInternational audienceCette communication se propose de retracer l’apparition du phénomène du fractionnement du numéraire dans l’espace gaulois et germanique, depuis la Protohistoire jusqu’au Principat, en se fondant sur les données archéologiques et stratigraphiques disponibles. La pratique est connue à la fin de La Tène mais n’a visiblement pas la même signification qu’à la période romaine : c’est seulement après la conquête qu’elle devient courante, et pour une brève période seulement puisque le fractionnement des monnaies caractérise principalement l’époque augustéenne et qui disparaît presque complètement après le milieu du Ier s. ap. J.-C. Il semble donc s’agir d’un procédé importé du sud des Alpes, dont la mise en pratique abondante mais brève doit peut-être être mise en relation avec les conditions socio-économiques de l’espace gaulois à cette période.[Actes du colloque, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, 16 et 17 septembre 2019, Rome, Edizioni Quasar, 2025.
Does an additional constructed wetland improve the hydraulic performance of an infiltration pond?
No full textInternational audiencePesticides are frequently applied to protect vineyard from diseases. The high vineyard slopes favour surface runoff and the washing-off of afraction of pesticides, which can pollute watercourses or groundwater after infiltration. Nature-based solutions have long been built to controlboth flood and pollution risks caused by stormwater, especially infiltration ponds and constructed wetlands (vegetated retention ponds). Inorder to combine the benefits of both types, hybrid retention ponds, composed of both dry and wet compartments, are less common(sedimentation of particles and adsorbed micropollutants, phytodegradation of dissolved micropollutants, infiltration of treated water). Theirpollution treatment efficiency is less documented, and even their more complex hydraulic functioning, with different, variable flow rates andbypasses between compartments.The objective of this work is to characterise the hydraulic functioning of such a hybrid retention pond, by computing the water balance ofeach compartment from measurements. The study site is a 1ha hybrid retention pond collecting surface runoff from a 176ha, half vine-planted, catchment in the Champagne area, Northeast France. The pond is composed of four compartments, respectively for sedimentation,sedimentation and photochemical degradation, phytodegradation and infiltration.The winegrower union provided local meteorological observations. The water levels of the four compartments, the inflow rate and the flowrates between compartments were monitored at 5min time step for five years (2016-2021). High culvert slopes made inflow measurementsvery difficult.A careful measurement analysis and a full 30min water balance, from the downstream compartment up to the inlets, provided reliable inflowand outflow time series for the different compartments, including infiltration and evapotranspiration. This simple model is based on hydraulicSimHydro 2025 (author)Update informationUpdate authorsAdd fileWithdrawstructure laws between compartments. We then computed the catchment runoff coefficient and characterised the pond hydraulic functioningpattern for each of the 85 fillings, identified by at least 5cm water height in the first compartment.The results show highly variable but lower catchment runoff coefficients than expected: 2% in summer, 3% in winter. Even a rain of 500-year return period did not exceed the pond capacity, which seems to be oversized. Even if infiltration in the first, non-waterproof,compartment was neglected during the design due to its short retention time, results show a considerable infiltration through thecompartment slopes, around 45% of the total inflow. Moreover, due to a short retention time in the second compartment, around 20% of thetotal inflow bypasses the third compartment by overflow into the last compartment. Consequently, only around 20% of the total inflowfollows the whole treatment process, which should limit the treatment efficiency of the pond. The presentation will also deal with theinfluence of macrophytes and permanent pools on the hydraulic retention time in the different compartments, since longer retention timesfavour sedimentation and micropollutant degradation
Early farmer interactions: rethinking “non-LBK” ceramic assemblages in the early Neolithic of central-western Europe through the reconstruction of Limburg pottery manufacture and uses
No full textInternational audienceAlthough recent palaeogenomic studies suggest a relatively limited contribution of hunter-gatherer groups to the agro-pastoral communities of the early Neolithic in central-western Europe (LBK), the question of the mechanisms of interaction between ‘local’ Mesolithic populations and ‘migrant’ LBK communities remains a central debate. In the western distribution area of the LBK, the pottery known as La Hoguette and Limburg pottery have been emblematic of this debate since they were identified in the 1980s in LBK pits in western Germany, Dutch Limburg, central Belgium and northern France. These vessels have also been sporadically discovered outside the LBK distribution area, in a variety of contexts: at a few Late Mesolithic sites, possibly in the epicardial levels of the Gazel site (Occitania, France), but also in isolated contexts, outside the known Early Neolithic settlement areas. Due to their morphological and technological characteristics (large, thick-rimmed bowls, specific decoration and bone temper), which distinguish them from typical LBK vessels, some researchers argue that these vases were made by “ceramised” hunter-gatherers, while other authors suggest that they represent a functional category of LBK pottery. Based on the recent study of a large assemblage of Limburg vessels excavated from LBK sites in the Aisne Valley (Picardy, France), this presentation aims to contribute to this debate using the concept of vessel biography. The aim is to reconstruct the life cycles of these specific vessels from a relational perspective (communities of practice, learning networks, transfers) in order to propose a new interpretative model for these artefacts
Archeometric detection of mercury: A paleopharmacological case study of skeletal remains of a child with vitamin deficiencies (Rouen, France, late 18–19th centuries)
No full textInternational audienceObjective: The French medico-historical literature reports the common use of mercury-based treatments until the mid-19th century. An exploratory paleopharmacological approach is presented for detecting mercury in a child’s skeletal remains suffering from vitamin deficiencies. This aims to corroborate written sources and provide a way to better understand disease therapeutic management.Materials: This study focuses on a 3–4-year-old child showing signs of rickets and possible scurvy from “rue Thubeuf” cemetery (Rouen, late 18–19th centuries). Analysis was carried out on a thoracic vertebral body and the right second deciduous mandibular molar.Methods: Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) provided mercury detection and quantification. Micro-CT analysis was implemented to detect the interglobular dentine potentially related to vitamin D deficiency.Results: The ED-XRF spectrum showed a mercury peak for the vertebra, none for the molar. The vertebra CV-AAS analysis revealed a high mercury rate of 9.373 mg/kg.Conclusions: The individual was likely exposed to high mercury levels originating from therapeutic treatment, potentially for vitamin deficiencies, in the last months of life. Significance: Paleopharmacological analysis is an important tool in the analysis of medical treatment in the past.Limitations: Soil analysis could contribute to improved knowledge of contamination sources. Further research: This approach should be expanded to more individuals to better assess the treatment frequency of vitamin deficiency diseases during industrialization
6. Des nouveaux mortiers en pierre lors de la fouille du quartier troyen de la Planche Clément
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Onze siècles d'établissements agropastoraux sur les bords de l'Indre à Veigné « Vaugourdon » (Indre-et-Loire)
No full textSynthèse monographique (livret illustré) qui présente les résultats de la fouille préventive Inrap du site de Vaugourdon à Veigné (Indre-et-Loire)International audienceLe passage en 2 x 3 voies de l’autoroute A10 entre les communes de Veigné et Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine (Indre-et-Loire) a donné lieu à huit prescriptions de diagnostics archéologiques par l’État. Ceux-ci ont été réalisés entre 2018 et 2019 et ont été suivis de deux fouilles préventives engagées en 2020 dans les communes de Saint-Épain et Veigné. Sur cette dernière, au lieu-dit « Vaugourdon », les 1,8 hectares explorés correspondent à une zone de compensation écologique localisée entre la route de Beaupré et le ruisseau de Roulecrotte, un bras actif de l’Indre. La fouille a livré plus de 800 faits archéologiques qui couvrent une large fourchette chronologique comprise entre 1 600 av. J-C (âge du Bronze) et l’époque contemporaine. Néanmoins, les installations les plus denses et les plus structurées concernent principalement les onze premiers siècles de notre Ère, c’est-à-dire l’Antiquité au sens large et le premier Moyen Âge. Dans cet espace temps, se succèdent ainsi, possiblement sans hiatuschronologique, une villa romaine et un habitat du haut Moyen Âge
Identification and evolution of rickets and scurvy therapeutics between the 17th and 19th centuries CE: archaeo- and palaeopharmacological approach
No full textInternational audienceIn France, during the 18th-19th centuries, the period of industrial transition saw major socio-economic changes that had an impact on population health, and in particular on deficiency diseases such as rickets and scurvy. As part of health archaeology , this study combines two complementary approaches: archaeopharmacology - identification of therapeutics through artefacts and textual sources (e.g. ancient medical theses and treatises, pharmacopoeia, archives) and palaeopharmacology - identification of therapeutics through archaeometric analysis of ancient human remains (e.g. bones, teeth, dental calculus). For rickets and scurvy, medico-historical literature has traced traditional treatments based on plant (e.g. hemlock, opium, cinchona), animal (cod liver oil), or metals such as mercury. Despite its toxicity, mercury was widely used in medicine since the 17th century in syrups, ointments, and fumigations.The palaeopathological study of individual SP5, a 3- to 4-year-old child from the Rue Thubeuf cemetery in Rouen (late 18th-19th centuries), revealed multiple signs of bone deficiencies, likely attributable to rickets and scurvy. His osteoarchaeological remains were analysed for mercury content. The SP5 deciduous second molar was sampled to detect signs of vitamin D deficiency responsible for rickets in the dentine, using micro-computed tomography to obtain deficiencies information occurring during tooth development as dental tissues are not remodelled during life. In contrast, a thoracic vertebra was selected to gather information about the last months of life. Mercury was detected in these samples using a three-stage protocol to minimise the invasive nature of the study: 1- detection by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence), 2- quantification by CV-AAS (Cold Vapour-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), 3- localisation in the mineral structure by LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy).A minor episode of deficiency between birth and six months of age was detected by μCT, but was not related to observed bone deformities. However, the ED-XRF spectrum of the bone sample revealed a mercury peak, which was not observable in the dental sample. CV-AAS analysis revealed a high concentration of mercury in the vertebra (9.373 mg/kg ± 10%). The high mercury concentration in the vertebra suggests severe ante-mortem intoxication, supporting thehypothesis of mercury treatment for deficiencies, as other contamination sources (e.g., Rouen’s socio-cultural context, soil metallogeny, environmental factors, occupational exposure) were ruled out. In conclusion, SP5 may represent the first documented case of mercury treatment for vitamin deficiency, highlighting the value of paleopharmacology in linking archaeometric data with historical medical sources to better understand past therapeutic practices
Denrées végétales à Montaillou (Le Castellas) au XIIIe siècle au prisme des restes carpologiques
No full textInternational audienceMalgré l’ancienneté de l’étude carpologique menée dans un cadre universitaire sur le site castral ariègeois de Montaillou (Hallavant, 2006, 2007, Hallavant, Ruas 2008, 2014), alors en cours de fouilles (Cazes, 2006), force est de constater que la question des pratiques agricoles et alimentaires médiévales en zone de montagne et de leurs particularités reste originale pour l’Ariège. À l’échelle des Pyrénées, notamment de l’est, plusieurs travaux en éclairent quelques traits : en Cerdagne (Pyrénées-Orientales), pour le haut Moyen Âge, l’habitat aggloméré de Coume-Païrounell (Angoustrine, alt. 1250 m) (Campmajo et al. 2005 ; Ruas, Hallavant, en cours) et la cabane pastorale de l’Orri d’En Corbill (Enveig, alt. 1950 m) (Ruas 2003 ; Ruas et al., 2005), en Capcir (Pyrénées-Orientales), les bâtiments domestiques (XIIe-XIIIe siècles) du château 2 des Angles (alt.1655 m) (Ruas et al., 2005), en Ariège, le château de Montségur daté du XIIIeXIVe siècle (alt. 1207 m) (Sarret, 1980) et en Andorre, le site fortifié du Roc d’Enclar daté du VIe-VIIe siècle (alt. 1225 m) (Buxó, Gonzales, 1997).Plus récemment, un nouveau travail universitaire a repris l’étude d’un contexte du site du Castellas de Montaillou pour compléter les données acquises sur un secteur qui n’avait fait l’objet que d’une rapide expertise (Élie, 2024).Cette contribution ambitionne de proposer une synthèse de ces différents travaux en axant le propos sur les ressources alimentaires disponibles dans cet espace montagnard soumis à des contraintes climatiques et topographiques fortes
Mobiliser les données LiDAR HD (IGN) dans une perspective archéologique et géoarchéologique : retour d’expérience en vallée de l’Eure (Bassin de Paris, France)
No full textInternational audienceL’exploitation des acquisitions LiDAR Haute Densité (LiDAR HD) récemment rendues disponibles par l’IGN renouvelle les perspectives d’analyse non-invasive et extensive des paysages ruraux dans une perspective archéologique et géoarchéologique. La communication orale présentera un retour d’expérience sur les méthodes et les outils mobilisés à des échelles spatiales complémentaires (régionale à locale) dans le bassin versant de l’Eure (Bassin de Paris, France), territoire rural resté en marge des développements récents de la recherche archéologique et historique. Trois protocoles de détection et de vectorisation automatisées d’anomalies micro-topographiques préservées en subsurface (milieux ouverts et intraforestiers) ont été appliqués sur les modèles numériques de terrain dérivés des levés LiDAR HD : (1) une classification par apprentissage supervisé via un modèle de Support Vector Machine (SVM) afin de caractériser à large échelle les microreliefs anthropiques (parcellaire fossile, enclos, chemin), (2) une détection par correspondance de modèles d’image dans l’optique d’affiner le repérage des structures linéaires (parcellaires fossiles) et enfin, (3) une approche par corrélation de profils topographiques pour identifier localement des structures anthropiques complexes présentant des variations caractéristiques du microrelief (talus doublé d’un fossé). L’ensemble des données planimétriques obtenues a été intégré dans une base de données relationnelle et spatiale, ouvrant la voie à une première analyse paysagère et régressive de l’agencement des territoires anciens de la moyenne vallée de l’Eure. L’interaction entre les techniques de télédétection et des retours terrain a permis d’optimiser l’exploitation des données LiDAR HD en privilégiant l’adaptabilité des protocoles de détection et de vectorisation, facilement transposables à divers environnements et types d’objet. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’ouvrir sur des perspectives nouvelles d’intégration des recherches archéologiques et géomorphologiques, enparticulier autour de la reconstitution diachronique des structures paysagères dans les bassins versants agricoles