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TINKAMAS KOLEKTYVINIŲ DARBO SANTYKIŲ VALDYMAS EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE PASITELKIANT SOCIALINĮ DIALOGĄ
No full textStraipsnyje supranacionaliniu Europos Sąjungos lygiu analizuojamas tinkamas kolektyvinių darbo santykių valdymas pasitelkiant socialinį dialogą, įvertinant suformuluotus tinkamo valdymo principus, kitus svarbius kriterijus socialinei taikai prižiūrėti ir jai garantuoti, skaidraus socialinio dialogo užtikrinimo galimybes, tinkamą pilietinės visuomenės atstovų dalyvavimą socialiniame dialoge ir viešosios valdžios atsakomybę. Taip pat analizuojami Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai ir rekomendacijos bei ekspertų nuomonė, atsižvelgiama į autoritetingas darbo teisės mokslininkų išvadas, atskleidžiant socialinio dialogo ypatybes ir trūkumus Europos Sąjungos lygiu.The article analyses the good governance of the collective labour relations via social dialogue at the supranational level of the European Union, evaluating the formulated principles of good governance, the other important criteria to maintain and guarantee the social peace, the possibilities to ensure the transparency of social dialogue, the appropriate participation of civil society representatives in the social dialogue as well as the responsibility of public authorities. The article analyses legal acts of the European Union, recommendations and the opinions of experts, also taking into account the authoritative conclusions of labour law scholars, revealing the peculiarities and drawbacks of the social dialogue at the European Union level
LIETUVOS TEISMŲ POŽIŪRIS Į TARPTAUTINĘ VALSTYBĖS IMUNITETO TEISĘ
Get PDFUncertainty in international state immunity regulation causes a variety of states’ approaches to this area of international law. The article aims to reveal the approach to the international state immunity doctrine that is taken by the Lithuanian courts.The state immunity doctrine is essentially considered in Lithuania as an area of national law established by the case law of national courts. The reasoning of the Lithuanian courts implies that they treat the state immunity doctrine as a matter of Lithuania’s choice rather than binding international law. The Lithuanian courts tend to ignore international customs and other sources of international state immunity law.In most of the cases, application of the state immunity doctrine in Lithuania is non-compliant with the international law, limiting the immunity of state in its particular private activities, as well as requiring for the assessment of the nature of the activities of a defendant state. In a few state immunity cases Lithuanian courts analysed the nature of foreign states’ activities essentially in line with international law.The approach of the Lithuanian courts to the international state immunity law may result in international responsibility of Lithuania. The Lithuanian courts’ approach can be criticized from the national constitutional perspective, treating international customary law as a legal source in Lithuania. However, the sceptic Lithuanian approach to the international state immunity law is not unique in terms of practice of foreign states.Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti Lietuvos teismų požiūrį į valstybės imuniteto doktriną kaip tarptautinės teisės sritį. Analizuojama, kokią vietą tarp valstybės imuniteto doktrinos šaltinių Lietuvoje užima tarptautinė teisė. Nagrinėjama, kiek Lietuvos teismų praktika valstybės imuniteto srityje atitinka tarptautinę teisę. Pateikiamas kritiškas Lietuvos teismų požiūrio vertinimas
ŽMOGAUS TEISĖS IR ASMENS VARDAS: TEISĖS TENDENCIJOS IR IŠŠŪKIAI
Get PDFThis article explains the recent evolution in the recognition and use of a person‘s own name in international human rights. It examines the historical reasons why this central aspect of individual identity was initially largely omitted from earlier treaties because of the different traditions on whether individuals could freely assert their identity through the use of their own name and surname, particularly in Europe where common law and civil approaches on the matter were significantly different. It shows how there has been significant changes in recent jurisprudence internationally and in Europe that have focused increasingly on the importance of an individual’s identity, and that this means vulnerable segments of society such as children, women and minorities must generally be entitled to have their own names recognised and used by state authorities, rather than having authorities impose an officially acceptable version.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip pastaruoju metu tarptautinėje žmogaus teisių teisėje vystėsi asmens vardo pripažinimo ir naudojimo koncepcija. Straipsnyje taip pat nagrinėjamos istorinės priežastys, paaiškinančios, kodėl šis centrinis asmens tapatybės aspektas iš pradžių sutartyse buvo praleidžiamas. Manoma, kad tokia situacija susiklostė dėl skirtingų tradicijų, lėmusių asmens teisę laisvai išreikšti savo tapatybę per savo vardo ir pavardės naudojimą. Ypač Europoje bendrosios teisės požiūris šiuo klausimu labai skyrėsi nuo civilinės teisės krypties. Straipsnyje aptariami svarbiausi pastarojo laikotarpio pasaulio ir Europos jurisprudencijos pokyčiai, atskleidžiantys, kad vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama asmens tapatybės svarbai. Tai reiškia, kad labiausiai pažeidžiamų visuomenės grupių, tokių kaip antai vaikai, moterys ir mažumos, atstovai turi turėti teisę, kad jų vardai valstybės valdžios institucijose būtų pripažįstami ir naudojami, o nebūtų verčiami priimti valstybės institucijos nustatytą oficialiai priimtiną vardo variantą
EKONOMINĖ KRIZĖ IR TEISINĖ SISTEMA: ĮTAMPŲ TRIADA
Get PDFThe article deals with the impact of the world economic crisis that caught Lithuania in 2008, and the measures to overcome it, on Lithuania’s legal system. The legal system is treated as a concept much wider than the system of positive law, statutory and jurisprudential. It includes inter alia legal mentality, legal culture and practice of law-making and law-applying institutions. In this sense, the crisis and the measures designed to overcome it have produced a much wider impact on the legal system, than merely intervention to the positive law (different areas of legal regulation), because the legal standards of a democratic regime have underwent change: the settled standards of the rule of law and the protection of human rights have been lowered as the legal system appeared to be no longer able to secure defence of certain rights. This is a general hypothesis which has to be tested in the framework of the research project “Challenges of the Economic Crisis (Recession) for the Rule of Law and Human Rights”, conducted by the scholars of the Faculty of Law of Vilnius University. This article is introductory in relation to other articles written within the said project and published in this issue of “Teisė”. The articles discusses at length the methodological avenue along which distinct parts of the research have to be further developed, that is dimensions, or fields of tension, where opposition between law and other phenomena show: (i) law v. economic reality; (ii) law v. politics; (iii) law v. society. The research aims at showing how, in each of the segments of the human rights catalogue, and to what extent economic inevitability has induced the lowering of the settled standards of the rule of law and the protection of human rights and, on the other hand, where there lies a boundary of these standards which even economic inevitability is not able to force the legal system to overstep. Also, the research has to show what political initiatives aimed at self-protection of anti-crisis policy (and policy/politics at large) against judicial control have been promoted, and what is the condition of society which either allows these initiatives to be implemented or hinders them. In order to draw on the latter aspect, a representative opinion research was conducted in the framework of the research project, which has produced results testifying of some auspiciousness of the social medium for such situation where policy/politics is less controlled by law than in the pre-crisis times.Straipsnis yra įvadinis šiame „Teisės“ numeryje publikuojamų straipsnių, parašytų vykdant tyrimą „Ekonominės krizės (recesijos) iššūkiai teisės viešpatavimui ir žmogaus teisėms“, atžvilgiu. Jame aptariamas 2008 m. Lietuvą užklupusios pasaulinės ekonominės krizės ir jos įveikimo priemonių poveikis Lietuvos teisinei sistemai. Keliama hipotezė, kad krizės ir jos įveikimo priemonių poveikis teisinei sistemai yra platesnis nei intervencija į pozityviąją teisę (tam tikras teisinio reguliavimo sritis), nes pakinta demokratinio režimo teisiniai standartai: teisinei sistemai nepajėgiant užtikrinti tam tikrų subjektinių teisių gynimo, susiklostę teisės viešpatavimo ir žmogaus teisių apsaugos standartai pažeminami. Išskiriami trys matmenys, pagal kuriuos turėtų būti plėtojamos atskiros tyrimo dalys, – įtampos laukai, kuriuose reiškiasi krizės veikiamos teisės ir kitų fenomenų priešstata: (i) teisė v. ekonominė tikrovė; (ii) teisė v. politika; (iii) teisė v. visuomenė
EKONOMINĖS KRIZĖS IŠŠŪKIAI TEISĖJO IR TEISMŲ NEPRIKLAUSOMUMUI
Get PDFAlthough independence of judiciary has become a universal principle, but in practice it is still sometimes subject to challenges. As the mission of the judiciary is to ensure legitimacy by defending human rights from arbitrary acts of other branches of state power, there is inevitable tension between the judiciary and other branches of state government. The executive and the legislature may sometimes seek to influence the court in various ways – influencing the selection and appointment of judges, decreasing the remuneration and other social benefits of judges, expressing will to limit the powers of the judiciary, refusing to implement judicial decisions or ignoring them. These and other threats to independence of the judicial are likely to increase during the economic crisis when the society suffers from asperities and is full of tensions. In order to achieve economic stabilization, human rights and freedoms, and its most significant protection guarantee – the independence of the judiciary, are often pushed to the background. Therefore it is often claimed that one of the consequences of the global economic recession is a global human rights crisis.The subject of this article is the specific challenges of the economic crisis of 2088–2012 in Lithuania posed to the main elements of the principle of judicial independence: independence of individual judges and institutional independence of the judiciary. These challenges are mostly related to two types of tension: the tension between law and politics, which arose due to verification and outlawing by the judiciary of some decisions of political power on the measures to overcome the economic crisis, and the tension between law and society, which arose due to the fact that the society not always accepted (or even was encouraged not to accept) the decisions of the judiciary assessing the legality of the measures taken by political power to overcome the economic crisis. This article aims to assess the impact of the economic crisis to the independence of the judiciary. The research done in this article seeks to verify the hypothesis that the guarantees of judicial independence (and human right to judicial defense) are diminished during the economic recession. The research was conducted by applying analytical, systematic, comparative, descriptive and quantitative analysis research methods.This research led to the conclusion that economic crisis threatened both the said elements of the principle of independence of the judiciary. The reduction of the most important social guarantees of a judge (salary, pension), i.e. the concrete measures found incompatible with the Constitution, can be regarded as an encroachment to the (procedural) independence of the judge. Reduced funding for the courts, taking into account the increased workload of the courts, as well as the reduced social guarantees of judges, can be seen as disproportionate anti-crisis measure that threatened the institutional independence of the judiciary. In addition to these challenges, the Constitutional Court due to its special role in assessing the anti-crisis measures also had to face significantly increased criticism by the representatives of the political branch of state government, which could be seen as a certain pressure on the Constitutional Court in the decision making process. Apart from that, these economic crisis challenges to independence of the judiciary has certainly influenced the public’s perception of the entire judiciary system and reduced public confidence in the judiciary, hence this situation has posed an immense threat to the appearance of independence of the judiciary. However, it should be noted, that the economic crisis has also lead to some positive reforms in the judicial system, which might not have been taken in a different situation – the adoption of procedural and other changes in the legislation, which was intended to promote the efficiency of judicial procedure, as well as the reorganization of some district courts, which helped to optimize the resources of those courts, and the inclusion of the representatives from the society into the activities of the judiciary system. Thus the above mentioned hypothesis has been confirmed in part, i.e. apart from the typical threats to the judicial independence, the economic crisis also opened some opportunities to optimize the judiciary activities increasing efficiency of judicial defense.Šiame straipsnyje1 identifikuojami ir analizuojami 2008–2012 metų ekonominės krizės Lietuvoje iššūkiai pagrindiniams teismų nepriklausomumo principo elementams: teisėjo nepriklausomumui ir teismų instituciniam nepriklausomumui. Straipsnyje siekiama įvertinti ekonominės krizės įtaką teismų nepriklausomumui patikrinant hipotezę, kad ekonomikos recesijos sąlygomis mažinamos teismų nepriklausomumo ir žmogaus teisės į teisminę gynybą garantijos. Pagrindinė straipsnio išvada yra ta, kad ši hipotezė pasitvirtino iš dalies, t. y. ekonominė krizė, be jos laikotarpiui būdingų grėsmių teismų nepriklausomumui, atvėrė ir kai kurias galimybes optimizuoti teismų veiklą didinant asmens teisių teisminės gynybos veiksmingumą
SOCIALINĖS APSAUGOS GARANTIJŲ MAŽINIMAS KRIZĖS LAIKOTARPIU: SPRENDIMAI IR TEISINIS VERTINIMAS
Get PDFSocial rights and social guarantees of individuals attract a lot of attention of the legislator and of the public reaction. The article analyses the part of social guarantees, in specific, the social security benefits, which amounts and payment terms have been changed during the economic crisis. Three types of social security benefits, which were touched by the highest level, are analysed: old-age and disability pensions, unemployment benefits and sickness benefits. Although the reduction of social security benefits during the crisis was upheld and legitimate according the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, but part of the decisions may be found not meeting the requirements of the main principles of the law. The compensation arrangements of social insurance pensions do not sufficiently provide all pension beneficiaries the right to compensation, and do not correspond the principles of justice and proportionality in the society. Actual amounts of unemployment insurance benefits and the sickness benefits during the crisis did not meet even the minimum social protection standards enshrined in the provisions of international law.Straipsnyje yra nagrinėjamas pastarųjų metų ekonominės krizės poveikis asmens socialinės apsaugos garantijoms. Šiuo laikotarpiu priimti sprendimai palietė daugumą socialinės apsaugos išmokų. Tačiau dėl kai kurių išmokų priimti sprendimai buvo itin jautrūs tiek poveikiu visuomenei, tiek teisinių principų laikymosi garantijomis. Straipsnyje plačiau nagrinėjamos dviejų tipų socialinės apsaugos garantijos – socialinio draudimo pensijos ir trumpalaikės išmokos – nedarbo draudimo išmoka ir ligos pašlapa
HOLISTINIS POŽIŪRIS Į TEISĖS TYRIMUS
Get PDFHolism in its broadest meaning is philosophical-scientific idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Such interdependently interacting parts are characterised by unique qualities, which cannot be fully understood without referring to the whole. The concept of holism, unfortunately, is often deluded and its understanding is extremely heterogeneous. That is why it is important not only to distinguish holism-related concepts (holism, collectivism, antireductionism, atomism, individualism and reductionism), but also to perceive their interdependency and methodological boundaries.Holistic ideas may be creatively used in legal research in order to perceive thorough knowledge, reach coherent description, offer efficient suggestions and develop precise prognosis. Firstly, it is important to ensure that legal research is open to different legal paradigms. The methodological-theoretical foundations of the legal science should be continuously revised and amended. Secondly, object of research is indeterminist, complex, hardly predictable and constitutes controlled dynamic system which is inseparably connected with its context and is scholar-dependent. In order to minimize the influence of subjective factors, each researcher should identify her/his subjectivity as clearly as possible. Thirdly, at least three cognizable aspects of legal reality can be distinguished: formal law, real law and ideal law. They are closely interrelated and together constitute the whole picture of legal reality. Fourthly, the whole is in its every component part and vice versa. The research of separate elements is significant in such extent as it can be integrated in the context of overall system. Finally, the methodological synthesis of legal research consists of at least three methodological branches: doctrinal research of formal law, socio-legal research of real law and axiological-ethical research of ideal law. The thorough research of legal reality should include all three of them.Straipsnyje analizuojama holizmo samprata, identifikuojamos jos sąsajos su giminingomis koncepcijomis, apibrėžiama holizmo vieta metodologinių prieigų sistemoje. Pristatomos teisės mokslui aktualios holistinės idėjos ir įvertinamos jų taikymo teisės tyrimuose galimybės – aptariami pažintinio atvirumo reikšmingumas, tyrimo objekto ir subjekto ryšys, teisinės tikrovės kompleksiškumas ir paradigminio papildomumo svarba, taip pat atskirai tiriamų elementų santykis su visuma ir teisės tyrimų pagrindinių krypčių metodologinė sintezė
KONSTITUCINĖS JUSTICIJOS PROCESO TEISĖ KAIP TEISĖS ŠAKA: TEORINIAI ASPEKTAI
Get PDFThe advent of constitutional review and the growth of constitutional jurisprudence and its significance to the whole Lithuanian legal system should require detailed analysis of procedures by which the Constitutional Court examines the constitutionality of legislation and other matters falling within its competence, however the legal mind tends to pay relatively little attention to the constitutional justice procedure giving the priority to the look “from the outside” – a final act of a Constitutional Court, but not to the look “from the inside” – a procedure by which the final act is adopted. Thus in the numerous scholarly legal literature about the Constitutional Court there are relatively few research articles dedicated to the issues of constitutional justice procedure.One of the main reasons why these issues are left aside, like not requiring more scientific knowledge, is some uncertainty regarding the position from which they should be dealt with. There is no theoretical consensus about the question, whether legal norms and other provisions governing the procedures by which the Constitutional Court examines the constitutionality of legislation and other matters falling within its competence, to be considered as forming any independent part of the legal system. If so, whether this part of the legal system can be titled a branch of law?This article seeks to prove that constitutional justice procedure law, as a separate procedural branch of law, is substantiated not only by interfaces with other procedural branches of law, but also by the fact, that this area of law is governed by ordinary law acts and therefore can not be considered a procedural segment of the constitutional law. The autonomy of this branch of law is also evidenced by 2 classic features of separation of branches of law: separate legal subject matter and method. Although constitutional justice procedure law, as separate branch of law, can not be accepted without some doubt, especially given the fact that other procedural branches of law are characterized by a far greater intensiveness of regulation, however this branch of law is growing due to the Constitutional Court‘s development of its jurisprudence. This article also draws attention to the fact, that formation of this branch of law has not only a theoretical, but also a practical significance – it would attract more attention of the legal mind to the issues of constitutional justice procedure and provide systematic approach to the problematic aspects of this process and comprehensive discussions will certainly serve the development of constitutional justice procedure in Lithuania.Straipsnyje analizuojamos konstitucinės justicijos proceso teisės, kaip atskiros teisės šakos, išskyrimo problemos, pateikiamos jų sprendimo galimybės, apibūdinami pagrindiniai šios teisės šakos požymiai. Taip pat bandoma pagrįsti, kad konstitucinės justicijos proceso teisės išskyrimas nėra vien teorinė problema, bet turi ir praktinę reikšmę – pritrauktų didesnį teisinės minties dėmesį konstitucinės justicijos proceso klausimams ir pateiktų sisteminį požiūrį į probleminius šio proceso aspektus, o išsamesnės mokslinės diskusijos neabejotinai padėtų tobulinant konstitucinės justicijos procesą Lietuvoje
TARPTAUTINIO INVESTICINIO ARBITRAŽO ARBITRO NUŠALINIMO INSTITUTAS
Get PDFThis article discussed what is the standard of successful challenge procedure of ICSID arbitrators and whether the cause of a small number of successful challenges is due to the provisions of the Convention or the reluctance of arbitrators to apply external standards, such as Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration (IBA Guidelines). Author analyzed the interpretation of ICSID Convention as well as practice of challenge procedures in ICSID practice.It was argued that the challenge of an arbitrator in ICSID arbitration, although possible, is rarely successful. Article 57 of the ICSID Convention provides that arbitrators may be disqualified on the basis of any fact indicating a manifest lack of the qualities required by paragraph (1) of Article 14 (i.e., the failure to be a person of high moral character and recognized competence in the fields of law, commerce, industry or finance, who may be relied upon to exercise independent judgment). Thus, a party submitting the challenge must establish the facts which would prove that “there is a real risk of lack of impartiality based upon those facts (and not on any mere speculation or interference)”.It was found that that challenges tend to rest on three main grounds: relationships with parties, relationships with parties’ counsel or law firms, involvement in other arbitrations raising similar issues.Therefore, it was observed that although grounds of challenge are quite similar in practice, however, the outcome of challenges of ICSID arbitrators is quite conflicting. Likewise situations provide different results – either the arbitrators resign themselves or the challenge is rejected by the rest of the members of the tribunal. Thus, it is difficult to draw clear boundaries of a successful challenge of the ICSID arbitrator.The author also found that the practice of an ICSID arbitrator challenge, although quite narrow, provides that much of the successful challenge procedure depends not on the rules or provisions applicable, but more facts of each case and of the decision of arbitrators themselves.Straipsnyje analizuojama prašymo nušalinti investicinio ICSID arbitražo arbitrą procedūra ir siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, kaip yra taikomos normos, reguliuojančios arbitro nušalinimą, ir kokius argumentų turi pateikti šalys, prašančios nušalinti arbitrą. Taip pat nagrinėjamos ICSID konvencijos normos, susijęs reguliavimas ir tokias normas interpretuojantys tarptautinių arbitražo tribunolų sprendimai, kuriuose įtvirtinti arbitrų nušalinimo standartai
INDIVIDUALUS KONSTITUCINIS SKUNDAS KAIP VEIKSMINGAS ŽMOGAUS TEISIŲ APSAUGOS IR KONSTITUCIONALIZMO PLĖTROS INSTRUMENTAS
Get PDFThis article analyzes some of the theoretical and practical problems of the introduction of individual constitutional complaint. However this work mainly focuses on the solutions for the dilemma between overburdening of the constitutional court and providing an efficient human rights protection system. These issues are analyzed on the basis of different Lithuanian and foreign constitutional law scholarly works, which enable to reveal the widest possible amplitude of approaches to the discussed subject. Specific aspects of introduction of individual constitutional complaint mechanism are analyzed on the basis of experience of foreign countries and generalizing it “Draft study on individual access to constitutional justice” by European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). In this article are mainly used historical, comparative, analytical and systematic research methods.This work led to the conclusion, that the essential idea of constitutionalism is the limitation of government to protect human rights and therefore the prevalence of constitutional complaint in Europe reflects an even deeper entrenchment of constitutionalism in this region. The introduction of this institute in national law system would be an important step in the promotion of human rights and the development of constitutionalism in Lithuania. The delay of introduction of constitutional complaint mechanism in the national law system reflects that the trend to contrast constitutionalism and democracy is still evident, as if possibility for the persons to apply to the Constitutional Court would led to the constraints of the will of the majority. However, the modern concept of democracy is no longer associated only with the will of the majority and parliamentary sovereignty, its essence is the balance between majority government and respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms. The balance between the excessive workload of the Constitutional Court and the efficiency of individual access to the constitutional justice, would comply with the normative constitutional complaint model, combined with extension of the possibilities of other persons (for example ombudsman institution) to address the Constitutional Court. The requirement of exhaustion of other legal remedies, time-limits for applications, obligation to be legally represented and other conditions for opening proceedings, which allow rejecting frivolous, repetitive, potentially unsuccessful complaints, could also help to solve the problem of overburdened Constitutional Court. In order to make that these conditions would not unduly restrict the possibility of a person to defend their violated rights, there should be some exceptions.Šiame straipsnyje bandoma atsakyti į klausimą, kodėl Lietuvoje delsiama įtvirtinti individualaus konstitucinio skundo mechanizmą, atremti šio instituto priešininkų argumentus ir paskatinti atnaujinti pradėtas iniciatyvas dėl šio konstitucinių teisių gynimo instrumento įtvirtinimo nacionalinėje teisės sistemoje. Straipsnyje aptariami kai kurie teoriniai ir praktiniai su individualaus konstitucinio skundo įtvirtinimu susiję klausimai. Tačiau daugiausiai dėmesio šiame darbe skiriama sklandžiai funkcionuojančio Konstitucinio Teismo ir efektyvaus žmogaus teisių gynimo mechanizmo dilemos išsprendimo galimybėms