Teisė
Not a member yet
970 research outputs found
Sort by
DIREKTYVOS DĖL VARTOTOJŲ ALTERNATYVAUS GINČŲ SPRENDIMO ĮTAKA LIETUVOS TEISEI: IŠŠŪKIAI IR GALIMYBĖS
Get PDFThe article analyses the core provisions of the Directive on consumer ADR and the particular problematic aspects related to the unclear (or disputable) provisions of the directive or which are important to decide on the improvement of the Lithuanian ADR system. The article analyses such aspects as the possibility to apply ADR system to arbitration or in other words, the possibility to keep the arbitration as the ADR body, the question of possibilities of the mandatory ADR procedure and binding decision according to the provisions of the directive, the regulation of the group action in ADR procedure, the issue of the implementation of the publicity/confidentiality principle in the ADR system.The author comes to conclusion that the transposition of the provisions of the Directive on consumer ADR into national law undoubtedly will influence national law and will determine certain changes of the legal acts regulating national ADR system. However, it is very important to use this opportunity as the measure to improve national ADR system in order to achieve an effective ADR system on which could rely consumers and businesses. Therefore, the core questions (problematical issues) related to ADR system, such as ADR institutional system, the creation of the basis for private ADR system and others should be resolved. The particular issues have been discussed in the present article are very important as well and the decision should be taken will be related not only to the proper implementation of the Directive on consumer ADR (especially due to the reason that the issues discussed in the present article are not unambiguously described in the directive) but to the effectiveness of the national ADR system as well.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamos esminės direktyvos dėl vartotojų alternatyvaus ginčų sprendimo (AGS) nuostatos, tam tikri probleminiai aspektai, susiję su neaiškiomis (ar diskutuotinomis) direktyvos nuostatomis ir aktualūs apsispręsti perkeliant šios direktyvos nuostatas į Lietuvos teisę. Paminėtini tokie straipsnyje analizuojami aspektai: AGS sistemos taikymas arbitražui, privalomos AGS procedūros ir privalomo AGS institucijos sprendimo galimumas pagal direktyvą dėl vartotojų AGS, AGS sistemos reguliavimas grupės ieškinių atžvilgiu, viešumo / konfidencialumo principo modelio įgyvendinimo AGS sistemoje problematika
TARPTAUTINĖS TEISINĖS ATSAKOMYBĖS PASKIRSTYMO EUROPOS SĄJUNGAI IR JOS VALSTYBĖMS NARĖMS KRITERIJAI
Get PDFThe article aims to determine criteria for allocation of international responsibility between the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Firstly, rules on responsibility of the international organizations presented in the Draft articles of the International Law Commission are discussed. Further, the article examines how judicial bodies decide cases related to international responsibility of the EU in different areas of law. Finally, possible formation of lex specialis in case of the EU is assessed and the following three criteria for attribution of conduct and allocation of international responsibility between EU and its Member States are identified: i) nature of EU competence, ii) actors, and iii) remedies.It is concluded that in the areas of exclusive competence, a conduct of EU organs or agents is always attributable to the EU. Whereas in areas of shared competence, a decisive factor is an actor who performs specific conduct. In order to decide on attribution of conduct to the EU or its Member States, the effective control criteria should be followed. Furthermore, especially in the area of human rights, the existence of remedies and their nature prevailing in the particular legal regime are significant factors. Therefore in order to ensure the proper protection of rights of third parties and proper functioning of the specific legal regime, courts may apply international responsibility to the EU Member States even in cases when they are implementing EU law.Straipsnyje analizuojama tarptautinės teisinės atsakomybės taikymo praktika Europos Sąjungos ir jos valstybių narių atžvilgiu ir identifikuojami kriterijai, kuriais remiantis turėtų būti sprendžiama dėl Europos Sąjungos ir jos valstybių narių tarptautinės teisinės atsakomybės paskirstymo tais atvejais, kai nėra specifinių sutartinių nuostatų, reglamentuojančių šį klausimą
EKONOMINIO SUNKMEČIO POVEIKIS ATSAKINGAM VALDYMUI LIETUVOS SAVIVALDYBĖSE: TEISĖS ASPEKTAS
Get PDFThe constitutional principle of responsible governance is equally imperative to the central governmental authorities as well as to the public administrative bodies of municipalities. The particularities of public administrative functions determine that the implementation of the discussed principle in municipalities is highly dependent on financial resources. The legislation regarding finances of the State, which were adopted at the beginning of economic recession, and their amendments, which were adopted in 2009, have limited the possibilities of municipalities to perform the obligations in the fields of public administration and provision of public services. The municipalities had prepared various instruments in order to save funds in respect to the financial crisis. These decisions of municipalities had an impact on the quality of ensuring rights and legitimate needs of both, individuals and business entities as well as public servants (e.g. recently their salaries were reduced, civil servants were offered to go on leave at their own expenses etc.).Association of Local Authorities in Lithuania has proposed a number of suggestions to the Seimas and the Government regarding solving the financial problems of municipalities in 2009 and subsequent years. Majority of such proposals had not been approved. The decisions of the central administrative bodies are difficult to assess merely from the legal point of view. On the contrary, it requires an impartial and complex analysis of various fields, the results thereof could be a ground for legal scholars and practitioners. However, it is undisputed that the interests of municipalities and the State regarding public services have to be combined even during the economic crisis.It is to be noted that not all the functions assigned to the municipalities directly depend on financial possibilities. Therefore the possibility that mandatory rules of the Law on Public Administration and other legislation are not being performed properly due to decreased motivation of public servants of municipalities to perform their duties responsibly cannot be justified. The Constitutional Court stated that higher standards are applied to public servants in comparison with other employees. The extreme conditions of economic crisis do not affect the content of the discussed constitutional doctrine.Straipsnyje analizuojama ekonominio sunkmečio refleksija Lietuvos savivaldybėse. Nagrinėjamas atsakingo valdymo (gero viešojo administravimo) principo turinys remiantis Europos pagrindinių teisių chartijos nuostatomis, Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo doktrina, statutiniu teisiniu reglamentavimu ir Lietuvos vyriausiojo administracinio teismo praktika. Aptariami ekonominės recesijos nulemti savivaldybių funkcijų finansavimo pokyčiai, taip pat vertinama, ar optimalūs buvo valstybės centrinės valdžios ir savivaldybių finansiniai santykiai 2008 metais kilusios finansų krizės sąlygomis
MATERIALINĖS SANTUOKOS SUDARYMO SĄLYGOS LIETUVOS DIDŽIOJOJE KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖJE IKI XVI A.
Get PDFThe interaction between the canon law and secular law governing the rules of one of the key social institutions, i.e. the family and marriage, is a relevant and significant subject. The impact of Christian canon law on the marriage institution in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has not been sufficiently studied. The present article contains an analysis of the legal rules of marriage effective in the GDL and established in secular law, as well as their dynamics under the influence of the Christian canon law. The object of this research refers to the material conditions for entering into marriage in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania before the 16th century, and the impact of Christian canon law on their development.Before introduction of Christianity, the marriage in the GDL was likely to be formed based on the customary law. Once Lithuania accepted christening in 1387, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a Christian country where the Orthodox and Catholic canon law applied across its entire territory. There was a period when marriage could be formed both under the customary and canon law, since the Christianity and new law gained ground in the society only gradually. For instance, the Orthodox Church demanded that marriage with the first wife should be legalised, i.e. repeatedly formed at church with the aim of banning bigamy. The Christian canon law is recognised as one of the sources for the Statutes of Lithuania which were the main legal code of the GDL in the 16th century.The fundamental preconditions for entering into marriage in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were a free will of future spouses, adequate marriageable age, the principle of monogamy, absence of consanguinity and affinity, the same religion of future spouses, and a mental state. The canon law altered understanding of the principle of a free will of marrying couples, and most likely as a result of the influence of canon law, the marriageable age of women was reduced to 13 years of age. The requirement regarding one’s mental state appeared under the influence of the canon law. The Christian moral principles did not tolerate intermarriage between close relatives or even their intimate relationships which used to be permitted in the period of customary law.Some conditions for marriage were differently treated by the Orthodox and Catholic canon law, e.g. unlike the Catholic canon law, the Orthodox canon law effective in the GDL required a parental consent as a mandatory precondition to form a valid marriage, and did not recognise secret marriages. A sexual intercourse mandatory under the Catholic canon law was not considered necessary to enter into valid marriage under the Orthodox canon law. Determining of the upper and lower marriageable age limits also varied.Krikščioniškosios religijos įvedimas Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje lėmė ir krikščioniškosios santuokos teisės ir jos įgyvendinimo praktikos diegimą. Straipsnyje analizuojamos materialinės santuokos sudarymo sąlygos Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje iki XVI amžiaus ir krikščioniškosios kanonų teisės įtaka jų raidai
LAIKMENŲ PATVARUMAS PAGAL EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS IR LIETUVOS TEISĘ
Get PDFIn recent decades, there was an increase in formalism in contract law, where additional requirements for form of agreement or for information provided were introduced, especially in the area of consumer law. Therefore, analysis of such new legal requirements, their trends, and application practice becomes relevant. Historical analysis of legislature confirms that “durable medium” requirement was established in EU law in order to ensure that consumers remain able to rely in the future on the information received via instantaneous electronic communication technologies. The primary and only element and requirement of “durable medium” was persistency (durability) of the information. In later legislative initiatives “durable medium” definition was changed by supplementing it with example list of media; however, such casuistic approach turned out to be in contrast to the changing technological environment. Therefore, the newest legal sources rightly do not contain such lists any more. The case law interprets “durable medium” too formalistically and by introducing such additional safety requirements, which were not foreseen in the legal instruments and were not intended by the legislator.Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais sutarčių teisėje stiprėja formalizmas, nustatant papildomus reikalavimus sutarties formai arba pagal sutartį teikiamai informacijai, ypač vartotojų teisių srityje. Patvariosios laikmenos reikalavimas buvo nustatytas siekiant užtikrinti, kad sutartims sudaryti naudojamos naujosios momentinio ryšio technologijos neapsunkintų vartotojo padėties ir leistų jam ateityje remtis elektroniniais ryšiais gauta informacija. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip įstatymų leidyboje keitėsi patvariosios laikmenos sąvoka, kritikuojama teismų praktika, kurioje šios naujosios taisyklės buvo interpretuojamos ir taikomos
ŽMOGAUS TEISIŲ APSAUGA EUROPOJE IR EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS PRISIJUNGIMAS PRIE ŽMOGAUS TEISIŲ IR PAGRINDINIŲ LAISVIŲ APSAUGOS KONVENCIJOS
Get PDFStraipsnyje analizuojama žmogaus teisių apsauga Europoje, garantuojama pagal Europos Sąjungos ir Europos Tarybos (konkrečiai – Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos) teisines sistemas. Nagrinėjama dviejų regioninių teismo institucijų (Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo ir Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo) praktika ir kai kurios žmogaus teisių apsaugos užtikrinimo Europoje problemos. Straipsnyje vertinamas galimas Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos poveikis žmogaus teisių apsaugai Europoje. Analizuojamos Prisijungimo sutarties projekte siūlomos procesinės taisyklės ir galimi jų trūkumai. Galiausiai pateikiamos įžvalgos dėl šiuo metu esamo žmogaus teisių apsaugos lygio Europoje pakankamumo, kurios iš dalies galėtų būti pagrindas vertinti Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos poreikį.
The article analyses human rights protection in Europe guaranteed in the legal systems of the European Union and the Council of Europe (i.e. the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). It examines case law of two regional judicial institutions (European Court of Human Rights and Court of Justice of the European Union) and certain problems of human rights protection in Europe. The article also assesses what impact the European Union accession to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms could have on the human rights protection in Europe; and analyses rules and procedures proposed in the draft Accession agreement, and their possible flaws. Finally, views on the current state of human rights protection in Europe are presented, which in a way gives a basis to question the need for the European Union to accede to the Convention
PROFESIONALIŲ SPORTININKŲ AGENTŲ STATUSAS
Get PDFStraipsnyje analizuojamas vienas iš sporto teisinių santykių subjektų – profesionalaus sportininko agentas, jo statusas Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje.
The article analyses one of the subjects of the professional legal sports relations – agent of a professional sportsman‘, its status in the Lithuanian legal system
PAGARBA NACIONALINIAM TAPATUMUI PAGAL EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS TEISĘ: AIŠKINIMO POTENCIALAS IR EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS TEISINGUMO TEISMO JURISPRUDENCIJA
Get PDFArticle 4 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, in its version following the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty, proclaims that the European Union shall respect the national identities of its Member States, inherent in their political and constitutional fundamental structures, inclusive of regional and local self-government. This clause can be compared with the third paragraph of the preamble of the Lithuanian Constitutional Act of Membership of Lithuania in the European Union, which states that the Union shall respect national identity and constitutional traditions of its Member States. One can note that the clause on the respect by the European Union of the national identities of its Member States is the result of a desire to ensure a balance between the strengthening of the European integration process and the protection of the national identities of Member States.Legal doctrine recognises the clause of respect, by the European Union, of the national identities of its Member States as a legal principle. According to the doctrine, this principle is important not only for the EU legal system, but also for the interaction between the EU and its Member States’ legal systems. Authors analyse the diverse aspects of this principle (cultural, political- institutional) and the relationships between national and constitutional identities. Legal doctrine has proposed a wide range of possible meanings of this principle, which can be used as a basis for a serious reflection on the potential judicial interpretation and application of this principle.The European Court of Justice, which is the official interpreter of EU law, applies the clause of respect for national identities of EU Member States in its case-law together with other legal elements (such as fundamental rights, proportionality, protection of public order etc.) on which it grounds its decisions. The judgments of the Court of Justice in Omega, Spain v United Kingdom, Sayn-Wittgenstein, and Runevič-Vardyn and Wardyn cases are examples of this principle being used in European case-law. This principle is usually applied in the case-law of the European Court of Justice in order to draw limits of fundamental freedoms and principles of EU law in individual cases.Because of the impact of the principle of respect for national identities of Member States on the balance between the European and the national legal systems, a dialogue between the ECJ and the national constitutional courts for the convergence of their positions is necessary.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Europos Sąjungos sutarties 4 straipsnio 2 dalyje įtvirtinto Europos Sąjungos pagarbos valstybių narių nacionaliniam tapatumui principo aiškinimas mokslinėje doktrinoje ir tokio aiškinimo poveikis Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo jurisprudencijai. Pažymėtina šio principo reikšmė ES ir nacionalinės teisės sąveikai, tai suponuoja ir šio principo potencijų užtikrinti tarpsisteminę darną nagrinėjimą
VIEŠŲJŲ PIRKIMŲ SKAIDRUMAS KAIP ĮSTATYMŲ LEIDĖJĄ SAISTANTIS PRINCIPAS
Get PDFPublic procurement is one of the most important spheres of activities, controlled by the state. The state directly affects the market by using the tool of public procurement and becoming a participant in the procurement of services (supplies, works). Public procurement, considering its scale, has achieved an important significance as the market regulation tool and has a considerable impact on the whole economy of the state.Transparency and openness in public procurement – a priority goal of every government. Normally the principle of transparency imposes additional difficulties and administrative burden for contracting authorities. Moreover, in the face of economic-financial crisis any amendment of legal regulation, aggravating the status quo, generates additional economic tension between contracting authorities, suppliers and other entities. Therefore, all measures, assigned to the achievement of the goal of transparency, should be proportional and adequate.Successful implementation of electronic procurement shall be regarded as a positive result of the activities of the Fifteenth Government – electronic procurement implies adequate transparency, openness as well as economy, rationality of public procurement procedures. However, considering harsh economic situation, incapability to implement procedures of electronic auction in practice, to renounce publication of certain information regarding public procurement in the supplement Informaciniai pranešimai to the official gazette Valstybės žinios in a timely manner, incapacity to solve the problem of acquisitions of political parties appropriately account for failures of this Government.However, even bigger problems were created by systemic flaws of governmental activities. Under ruling of the Fifteenth Government legal regulation has become exceptionally unstable and chaotic. The chosen model of regulation is criticized as well: most changes in legal regulation, first of all, were adopted in a post-legislative form, making new regulation applicable solely to contracting authorities, subordinate or subject to the Government (at times – even without a proper evaluation that existing legal framework is not suitable for new post-legislative regulation), later on such regulation transforming into legislative regulation legally binding on all contracting authorities. Such flaws of law making and legislation caused a situation, where legal regulation became exclusively complicated, confused, contradictory and incomprehensible. It can obviously be stated that regulation of public procurement has been a process of attempts and correction of subsequent mistakes without a coherent and comprehensible strategy. Such a mess makes it difficult to ascertain which values were priorities for governments in the field of public procurement during the observed period. Straipsnyje analizuojamas viešųjų pirkimų teisinis reguliavimas ir teismų praktika finansinės ir ekonominės krizės (2008–2013 m.) laikotarpiu, siekiant įvertinti, ar viešosios valdžios veiksmai, siekiant skaidresnių ir mažiau korumpuotų viešųjų pirkimų, atitiko atsakingo valdymo principo reikalavimus
HORIZONTALIŲJŲ SANTYKIŲ REGULIAVIMAS LENKIJOS RESPUBLIKOS KONSTITUCIJOJE
No full textRegulation of horizontal relations (that is, relations between individuals) at the constitutional level is a phenomenon that is commonly found at the present time in democratic countries. To some extent this is a departure from the traditional model of the constitution as the legal act that regulates relations between an individual and the state (vertical relations), although of course this latter issue is still the main subject of constitutional regulation. Next to vertical relations, as if in parallel, contemporary constitutions increasingly regulate completely different categories of legal relations, to which the state is not a party, such as the relations between employers and employees, parents and children, and entrepreneurs and consumers. This kind of horizontal relationship is also the subject of regulation under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland adopted by the National Assembly on 2nd April 1997. I would therefore like to consider the type of horizontal relations that are covered by constitutional regulation, the extent to which regulation affects these relations, and the significance of regulation. However, the text of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland will only be the starting point for the formulation of more general conclusions that – I strongly believe – are also suitable for many other European constitutional regulations.[...]Šiuo metu konstitucinis horizontaliųjų santykių, tai yra privačių asmenų santykių, reguliavimas yra dažnas demokratinėse šalyse reiškinys. Lenkijos Respublikos Konstitucija reglamentuoja darbuotojų ir darbdavių, tėvų ir vaikų, verslininkų ir vartotojų santykius. Ji taip pat reguliuoja ūkio vienetų ir privačių subjektų, kuriems valstybė pavedė konkrečių viešųjų užduočių vykdymą, santykius. Taip pat kitos Konstitucijos nuostatos gali būti naudojamos horizontaliesiems santykiams reguliuoti. Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti, kokius horizontaliuosius santykius reguliuoja Konstitucija, kaip toli siekia šis reglamentavimas ir kokia yra jo reikšmė. Bendro pobūdžio išvadoms, tinkančioms ir kitokio pobūdžio santykiams reglamentuoti Europos šalių konstitucijų lygmeniu, formuluoti atspirties taškas yra Lenkijos Respublikos Konstitucijos tekstas. Darbo autorė svarsto galimybę taikyti įvairius subjekto teisių horizontaliajai veiklai modelius remiantis Lenkijos Respublikos Konstitucija. Ji daro išvadą, kad privačių asmenų santykių reguliavimas konstituciniu lygiu suteikia galimybę subjektams taikyti konstitucines nuostatas jų ginčams su kitais subjektais