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TEISMO SPRENDIMŲ VYKDYMO EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE VEIKSMINGUMO GERINIMAS: EUROPINIS SĄSKAITOS BLOKAVIMO ĮSAKYMAS
Get PDFIn diesem Artikel wird die Verordnung zur Einführung eines Verfahrens für einen Europäischen Beschluss zur vorläufigen Kontenpfändung im Hinblick auf die Erleichterung der grenzüberschreitenden Eintreibung von Forderungen in Zivil- und Handelssachen vom 15. Mai 2014 vorgestellt. Mit der Verordnung wird ein unabhängiges Verfahren geschaffen, in dem der Gläubiger einen europäischen Beschluss beantragen kann, um vorläufig Bankkonten des Schuldners in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten sperren zu können. Dieses Verfahren kann in den EU Mitgliedstaaten ab dem 18. Januar 2017 eingeleitet werden.Die Hauptgründe für den Erlass diesen Verordnung sind: 1) das Fehlen eines wirksamen Schutzes der Gläubigerinteressen nach der Verordnung Brüssel I; 2) die Unterschiede der Fällung der gerichtlichen Entscheidungen zur vorläufigen Kontenpfändung sowie ihre Durchsetzung in den einzelnen EU-Mitgliedstaaten; 3) Schwierigkeiten bei der Erlangung der notwendigen Informationen über die Kontodaten des Schuldners, die Dauer des Verfahrens und die Höhe der Verfahrenskosten.Die Verordnung gilt für Geldforderungen in Zivil- und Handelssachen bei grenzüberschreitenden Rechtssachen. Eine Rechtssache gilt dann als grenzüberschreitend, wenn der Wohnsitz des Gläubigers, der Sitz des angerufenen Gerichts und die Belegenheitsort der zu pfändenden Bankkonten nicht in einem und demselben Mitgliedstaat sind.Die Grundregel – die Zuständigkeit für den Erlass eines Beschlusses zur vorläufigen Pfändung liegt bei den Gerichten des Mitgliedstaats, die gemäß den einschlägigen anzuwendenden Zuständigkeitsvorschriften für die Entscheidung in der Hauptsache zuständig sind. Sofern der Schuldner ein Verbraucher ist, sind ausschließlich die Gerichte des Mitgliedstaats, in dem der Schuldner seinen Wohnsitz hat, für den Erlass eines Beschlusses zur vorläufigen Pfändung zuständig.Der Gläubiger soll nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung die Möglichkeit haben, bereits im Vorfeld einer gerichtlichen Entscheidung oder in jedem Stadium des eingeleiteten Verfahrens, seine Forderungen sichern zu können. Nach Schlussfolgerung des Autors, ist die Erwirkung eines europäischen Beschlusses vor der Einleitung eines gerichtlichen Verfahrens deutlich effektiver. Somit kann den Zielen der Verordnung am ehesten entsprochen werden.Straipsnyje pristatomas 2014 m. gegužės 15 d. priimtas Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos reglamentas (ES) Nr. 655/2014, kuriuo nustatoma europinio sąskaitos blokavimo įsakymo procedūra, siekiant palengvinti tarpvalstybinį skolų išieškojimą civilinėse ir komercinėse bylose. Ši procedūra valstybėse narėse bus pradėta taikyti nuo 2017 m. sausio 18 d. Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – aptarti esmines naujojo reglamento priėmimo priežastis, dalyką, tikslus, taikymo sritį, jurisdikciją ir atvejus, kada galima pasinaudoti reglamente nustatyta procedūra, išanalizuojant probleminius aspektus ir nustatant konkrečių reglamento nuostatų taikymo perspektyvas
TEISĖ KREIPTIS Į TEISMĄ DĖL PROCESINIŲ PRIEVARTOS PRIEMONIŲ TAIKYMO
Get PDFDer Aufsatz vertritt die Meinung dass die geltende Regelung der Anfechtung der Zwangsmaßnahmen soll verändert werden. Das Recht die Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen im Strafprozess anzufechten ist ein Grundrecht. Die Meinung dass dieses Recht ist zu weit ausgeprägt und führt nur zur Verlängerung des Strafverfahrens ist unbegründet. Das Problem besteht darin dass die Beschwerden während des Ermittlungsverfahrens werden nach der Regeln die für das Hauptverfahren gedacht sind bearbeitet. In dieser Hinsicht sind die Normen der litauischen Strafprozessordnung sehr unpräzis. Zu präzisieren ist auch das Gesetz über die kriminelle Forschung, weil das erwähntes Grundrecht des rechtlichen Gehörs nach diesem Gesetz fast völlig beraubt. Es ist nicht auszuschließen dass die Rechtsfehler bei Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen im Ermittlungsverfahren erst im Hauptverfahren festgestellt werden. Es ist durchaus möglich dass im Ermittlungsverfahren die Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen sanktionierendes Gericht verfügt über ungenaue oder falsche Information über das Verdacht und andere wichtige Umstände. Das urteilende Gericht kann entdecken dass Entscheidung über die Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen ist falsch begründet. Unter diesen Umständen kann das Gericht der ersten Instanz (auch das Amtsgericht) entscheiden dass der Beschluss des Ermittlungsrichters oder sogar des Bezirksgerichts rechtswidrig ist. Besonders problematisch erscheint die Anwendung von Zwangsmaßnahmen beim „Gefahr im Verzug“. Die Neigung von der Ermittlungsbeamten und der Staatsanwälten „Gefahr im Verzug“ sehr oft und schnell zu erkennen macht das System der Richtervorbehalte bei der Grundrechtseingriffen deklarativ. In der Strafprozessordnung soll mündliche Sanktionierung durch Ermittlungsrichter in Ausnahmefällen geregelt werden.Straipsnyje analizuojamos procesinių prievartos priemonių taikymo problemos, atkreipiant dėmesį į būtinybę keisti šiuo metu nustatytą tokių priemonių apskundimo tvarką. Remiantis Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo, konstitucine jurisprudencija straipsnyje nagrinėjami teisminės gynybos nuo jau pritaikytų prievartos priemonių klausimai, taip pat prievartos priemonių taikymo neatidėliotinais atvejais problema
TEISMŲ SPRENDIMAI EKONOMINĖS KRIZĖS SĄLYGOMIS
Get PDFIm Artikel wird die wirtshaftliche Krise als das Rechtsargument analysiert. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die öffentliche Gewalt im Zeitraum der wirtschaftlichen Krise häufig auf unsachgemäße und den Anforderungen des verantwortungsvollen Verwaltungsgrundsatzes wiedersprechende Weise handelte. Im Artikel wird bewertet, wie das Argument der wirtschaftlichen Krise vom Verfassungsgericht Litauens, vom Obersten Gericht Litauens und vom Obersten Verwaltungsgericht Litauens angewandt wurde. Man strebt feszustellen, welches Gewicht die Gerichte auf das Vorhandensein der Krise bei der Behandlung der Rechtsstreitigkeiten gelegt haben.Straipsnyje analizuojama ekonominė krizė kaip teisinis argumentas. Nurodoma, kad ekonominės krizės laikotarpiu viešoji valdžia dažnai veikė netinkamai ir jos veiksmai prieštaravo atsakingo valdymo principo reikalavimams. Straipsnyje vertinama, kaip ekonominės krizės argumentą taikė Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas, Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas, Lietuvos vyriausiasis administracinis teismas. Siekiama nustatyti, kokią reikšmę teismai teikė krizei, spręsdami teisinius ginčus
POLITINIŲ NUSIKALTIMŲ SAMPRATA LIETUVOJE 1919–1940 M.
Get PDFThe article analyzes phenomena of political crimes in Lithuania 1919–1940. It reveals the concept of political crimes through the criminal law of the First Republic of Lithuania. Three distinct groups of political crimes are examined – rebellion, high treason and subversion.Straipsnyje analizuojamas politinių nusikaltimų fenomenas Lietuvoje 1919–1940 metais. Atskleidžiama šių nusikaltimų samprata remiantis to meto baudžiamaisiais įstatymais. Darbe tiriamos trys politinių nusikaltimų grupės – maištas, valstybės išdavystė ir sąmyšis.
LAIKINŲJŲ APSAUGOS PRIEMONIŲ TAIKYMO TESTAS LIETUVOS APELIACINIO TEISMO PRAKTIKOJE
Get PDFThis article contains the analysis of the test for the application of interim measures in the case law of the Court of Appeal of Lithuania, its tendencies and problematic aspects. The article consists of two main parts. The first part is dedicated to the requirement of the likelihood that the plaintiff’s claim could be satisfied. Before 2011, this requirement was not stated expressis verbis in Article 144(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure of Lithuania; however it was, to some extent, being applied in the case law of the Court of Appeal of Lithuania. Such situation led to the eventual amendment of Article 144(1) in 2011. The organic development of the case law in the context of this requirement also led to the situation where the term prima facie, which was being used before the amendment of Article 144(1) and is still in use today, did not develop a consistent and unified meaning. To this day it is used to describe different standards of proof. The second part of the article is dedicated to the analysis of the relationship between the claim amount and the requirement that the execution of the court settlement would become more difficult or impossible without the application of interim measures. The case law of the Court of Appeal of Lithuania contains two different and opposite interpretations of this relationship. In some cases, significant claim amount is considered to imply a presumption of the compliance with this requirement. In other cases, no such conclusion is drawn. The linguistic, systemic analysis of the Code of Civil Procedure and the legal doctrine justifies the critical view of this relationship and forms the basis to further develop the latter case law, where no such relationship is found. The article concludes that the case law of the Court of Appeal of Lithuania regarding the test for the application of interim measures is in continuous development, and collisions between different tendencies are encountered. This, in turn, leads to legal uncertainty. The article also makes a proposal to provide a more concrete definition of the term prima facie in the court rulings regarding interim measures, as well as to link the requirement of the difficult or impossible execution of the court settlement without the application of interim measures with concrete evidence of possible bad faith of the respondent, and not only with the significance of the claim amount.Straipsnyje analizuojamos Lietuvos apeliacinio teismo praktikoje išsiskiriančios laikinųjų apsaugos priemonių taikymo ir aiškinimo tendencijos, jų probleminiai aspektai. Vertinami tikėtino ieškinio pagrįstumo, teismo sprendimo įvykdymo pasunkėjimo ar pasidarymo neįmanomo įrodinėjimo standartai, ypač pastarojo santykis su didelės ieškinio sumos aplinkybe. Pateikiami pasiūlymai dėl CPK 144 straipsnio 1 dalies taikymo ir aiškinimo tokiu būdu, kad būtų maksimaliai užtikrintas teisėtų lūkesčių, teisinio apibrėžtumo principų įgyvendinimas, organiškas teismų praktikos vystymasis
ESMINIAI REGLAMENTO BRIUSELIS I PAKEITIMAI IR ARBITRAŽO ATEITIS JO TAIKYMO KONTEKSTE
Get PDFThis Article focuses on the effects of amendments to the Brussels I Regulation, introduced by its new edition, Brussels I-bis. The analysed amendments are aimed at eliminating the shortcomings of the Regulation’s predecessor. Firstly, the article points out that the new version of the Regulation has solved the issue of unlimited lis pendens and effectively addressed the Italian Torpedo problem. Article 31(2) of Brussels I-bis presents an exception to lis pendens rule, according to which the court, whose exclusive jurisdiction has been agreed upon by the parties, shall have the priority to rule on its jurisdiction regardless of whether other member state courts were seized beforehand. Secondly, the Article explores the new discretion of applying the forum non conveniens doctrine under Articles 33 and 34 of Brussels I-bis. Thirdly, the abolition of exequatur is explained.These innovations address the criticism faced by the previous Regulation head-on by offering a better protection of the rights enshrined in the Regulation, speeding up the work of the judiciary and reducing the litigation costs. On the flipside, these improvements are complimented by certain tangible risks. Therefore additional safeguards may have to be put in place in order to eliminate the possibility of abuse.Particular attention in this Article is paid to novelties in relationship between Brussels I-bis and arbitration. Article 73(2) of Brussels I-bis and Article 12 its Preamble drastically strengthened the position of arbitration in Europe. West Tankers case rationale, which renders the Regulation applicable to preliminary questions of validity of an arbitration agreement and other arbitration-related issues, where the subject-matter of the proceedings comes within the scope of the Regulation, has finally been rejected. Brussels I-bis also expressly provides that recognition and enforcement of arbitration awards shall proceed according to the New York Convention, rather than Brussels I-bis.The practical implications of such changes have already seen the light of day in Advocate General Wathelet’s report in Gazprom case. Comparison of the latter with recent Advocate General Jääskinen’s report in the CDC case clearly outlines a significant shift in the attitude towards arbitration. Mr. Wathelet’s report shows that Brussels I-bis provides arbitration with a much higher degree of autonomy from the Regulation, which makes arbitration a lot more appealing to both businesses and practitioners.Unfortunately, CJEU is yet to confirm the findings of Mr. Wathelet. The Court has shied away from entertaining the questions of the relationship between arbitration and Brussels I-bis in Gazprom judgment. Nevertheless, Mr. Wathelet’s report gives hope that future CJEU judgments will completely forego the West Tankers rationale as far as arbitration is concerned and arbitration community shall celebrate yet another victory.Šiame straipsnyje autoriai kritiškai įvertina pagrindinius naujosios Reglamento Briuselis I redakcijos pakeitimus ir analizuoja šių pakeitimų padarinius ir reikšmę
INDIVIDUALAUS VERSLO TEISINIS REGLAMENTAVIMAS LIETUVOJE: PRAEITIS, DABARTIS, PERSPEKTYVOS
Get PDFArticle is prepared during the performance of the scientific research “The convergence and divergence of legal forms of business: does Lithuanian legal regulation is attractive in international context”, which is financed by the Research Council of Lithuania. The article deals with the evolution of legal regulation of individual business in Lithuania and with the present legal forms of business – individual entrepreneurship and individual enterprise. The legal regulation of individual entrepreneurship is analysed from the historical, statistical and comparative point of view. The conclusion is made that the number of individual enterprises and peoples, involved in individual entrepreneurship reflects entrepreneurship of all society. According to the official statistics the number of self-employed workers in Lithuania is about 13 percent of the total number of working-age population. The European Union average is 16.5 percent. According to this indicator, Lithuania is ahead of Finland (13.5 percent.), United Kingdom (14.5 percent.), Belgium (15.1 percent.), Slovakia (15.6 percent.), Netherlands (15.9 percent), Slovenia (16.9 percent.), Ireland (17.1 percent.), Czech Republic (17.9 percent.), Spain (17.9 percent.), Poland (21.8 percent.) Portugal (22.1 percent.), Italy (25.1 percent.), Greece (36.9 percent.).At present, there are four forms of individual business in Lithuania: 1) the individual enterprise having the status of legal person and functioning according to the Law on individual companies and the Civil Code; 2) agriculture farm (farmer), which does not have the status of legal person, acting on the basis of the Law on farmer‘s farm; 3) a natural person engaged in individual business activities on the basis of individual activity certificate; 4) a natural person engaged in individual business activities on the basis business certificate.The change of legal status of individual enterprise and their becoming a legal person can be considered to be one of the reasons behind the decline in their numbers in Lithuania. A legal person status granted to an individual enterprise is to be regarded negatively for several reasons. First, it has become more complex to start business, because of the need to prepare the articles of association, and take other actions necessary for the establishment of legal persons (Art. 4 of the Law on individual enterprises). It also increases the costs and length of the establishment of business. Secondly, it has become more complex the liquidation procedure of individual enterprise. Third, the taxpayer is not only the natural person – the owner of the individual enterprise, but also the individual enterprise, as legal person, which is subject of corporate taxes, such as profit tax, real estate tax, etc.Straipsnyje analizuojama individualaus verslo teisinio reglamentavimo Lietuvoje raida ir šio verslo reikšmė šalies ekonomikai. Daroma išvada, kad, vertinant istoriniu požiūriu, individuali įmonė yra pirmoji teisinė verslo forma. Tinkamas individualaus verslo teisinis reglamentavimas skatina visuomenės verslumą, jos konkurencingumą, visuomenės vidurinio sluoksnio susiformavimą ir stiprėjimą
TEISĖJŲ ELGESIO ATITIKTIS PROCEDŪRINIO TEISINGUMO REIKALAVIMAMS CIVILINĖSE BYLOSE
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to evaluate judicial behavior congruence with procedural fairness requirements and its factors in civil cases. Behavior of 106 judges in 181 civil cases was evaluated. An analysis protocol for judicial behavior evaluation was created. 5 procedural fairness requirements were analyzed: ethicality, neutrality, opportunity to express opinion, elucidation, control of comprehension of rights. The results revealed that judicial behavior congruence with procedural fairness requirements is not satisfactory. Following factors of judicial behavior congruence with procedural fairness requirements were established: nature of the case, the participation of representatives of the parties at the hearing, the judge’s gender, legal regulation of procedural justice requirements.Straipsnyje analizuojama teisėjų elgesio atitiktis procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams civilinėse bylose ir šios atitikties veiksniai: nagrinėtos bylos pobūdis, miestas, kuriame nagrinėta byla, ginčo šalių atstovų dalyvavimas teismo posėdyje, teisėjo lytis, amžius, darbo stažas, teisminio bylos nagrinėjimo situacijų reglamentavimas procesiniame įstatyme
ARBITRAŽO TEISMO TAIKOMO DRAUDIMO PARALELIAI BYLINĖTIS TEISINĖ PRIGIMTIS IR PRAKTIKA
Get PDFThe article analyses legal nature and some practical problems of anti-suit injunctions issued by arbitral tribunals. One part of the article is dedicated to the tendencies of the European Court of Justice regarding the impact of Brussels I Regulation to the anti-suit injunctions granted by arbitral tribunals within the EU. The right of arbitral tribunal to grant anti-suit injunction consists of the right to decide on its own jurisdiction and the right to grant interim measures of protection. Such dual legal nature, on one hand, helps to apply anti-suit injunction flexibly, on the other hand, makes the relations between arbitration courts and national courts chaotic, due to different national legislation. With a view to unify the attitude of the states towards anti-suit injunction, as well as to encourage its effective implementation, it would be advisable, first of all, to unify the definition and establish clear procedural limits for anti-suit injunction, indicating when it has to be applied.Moreover, evaluation of the effect of parallel proceedings on the arbitral case should not be limited to identification of formal links. Also, it is neccessary to clarify criterions, which define abuse of arbitral process in the light of parallel proceedings, and to expand the list of sanctions in order to guarantee enforcement. Brussels I Recast was expected to bring a wider proarbitral perspective of EU and systemically remove all questions related to arbitration from the scope of the Regulation. Such step would confirm the legitimacy of anti-suit injunctions in EU. However, recent decision of European Court of Justice in Gazprom case left some doubts about the tendencies and interpretations of anti-suit injunctions and legal community is still in need of a clearer framework for anti-suit injunctions.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama arbitražo teismo teisės taikyti draudimą paraleliai bylinėtis kitame teisme (angl. Anti-suit Injunction) teisinė prigimtis ir kai kurios praktinės problemos. Viena iš straipsnio dalių skiriama Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo praktikos tendencijoms dėl Briuselis I reglamento poveikio draudimui inicijuoti ar tęsti teismines procedūras kituose Europos Sąjungos valstybių teismuose
LIETUVOS TEISĖJŲ PROFESIONALUMO DIMENSIJOS: KVALIFIKACIJA, KOMPETENCIJA IR ASMENINĖS SAVYBĖS
Get PDFThe article argues that judicial profession is multi-dimensional, and is constituted of at leats three components, i.e., formal qualification, constant training, and personal qualities that arise from one’s inner determination to see the profession as a calling. Three parts of this article have been dedicated to grounding that claim. The first part analyses the judicial qualification and judicial training peculiarities. The second part analyses judicial training in terms of its content and form and highlights its strengths and areas for improvement. Finally, the third part distinguishes the personal qualities that allow the judge to make impartial decisions, based on Max Weber’s ideal types of political leadership.The research showed that professional requirements for the judges are clearly defined in legal acts that provide a strong link between the judge’s professional requirements and continuous development of competence. The current Lithuanian judicial training system is made of two parts (i.e., the basic and additional training) that allow a consistent and systematic segmentation of the key and professional competences crucial for the judge’s activities. This allows the judge to both develop the competences essential in his or her activities and discretely develop his or her competence in the fields he or she finds it necessary. In terms of their form, judicial training programmes are defined under clear methodological guidelines, although some other important guidelines, such as objectives, goals and expectations, should be included. In terms of their content, the programmes are thorough, targeted to specific groups, and featuring continuous competence development. However, due to constant social, cultural and legal regulatory framework changes, they should be regularly updated. The judges’ impartiality in making lawful rulings arises not only from such sociology-wise universal ideas as good faith, devotion to one’s duty and independent decision making, the personal qualities common to the members of various occupational categories. A very important condition to judicial professionalism is one’s determination to see one’s activities as a call for dispensing justice. This leads to passion (devotion) for the cause of justice, and responsible administration of justice and as well as maintaining a proper distance between one’s personal opinions and beliefs and the participants of proceedings.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos Lietuvos teisėjų profesionalumo dimensijos. Ginama tezė, kad teisėjo profesijos profilis pasižymi daugialypiškumu – jis yra trijų komponentų (formaliosios kvalifikacijos, nuolatinio kompetencijos tobulinimo ir iš vidinės nuostatos į savo profesiją žiūrėti kaip pašaukimą kylančių asmeninių savybių) konjunkcija. Tezei pagrįsti skirtos trys straipsnio dalys. Pirmoje dalyje aptariama teisėjų kvalifikacija ir teisėjų mokymo sistemos ypatumai. Antroje dalyje analizuojamas teisėjų mokymo programų turinys ir forma, išryškinamos šių programų rengimo stipriosios ir tobulintinos grandys. Trečioje dalyje identifikuojamos teisėjo nešališką sprendimą lemiančios asmeninės savybės perimant sociologijos klasiko Maxo Weberio „idealaus politiko tipo“ apibrėžtį