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INVESTICINIŲ PAVEDIMŲ PRIĖMIMO, PERDAVIMO IR VYKDYMO CIVILINIS TEISINIS KVALIFIKAVIMAS
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to identify the legal nature of classical investment services provided by the broker-dealers and to characterize these services in the light of a private law. In order to do this, author analyzed different sources of public and private law, which led to the conclusion that the legal relations of reception, transmission and execution of orders on behalf of investor in the Lithuanian private law should be characterized as agency relations. When financial intermediary acts on behalf of investor, but in his own name, as usually happens in the trading venues, agency relations are indirect, i.e. based on commission agency contract. In some over-the-counter transactions where financial intermediary acts in the name of and on behalf of investor, agency relations are direct, i.e. based of mandate contract. If, however, financial intermediary internalizes client’s order, technically it engages in the self-dealing and private law relations then are based on a principal counterparty trading, not an agency.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama finansų maklerių teikiamų klasikinių investicinių paslaugų – investicinių pavedimų priėmimo, perdavimo ir vykdymo civilinė teisinė prigimtis ir atliekamas jų priskyrimas tam tikriems Lietuvos privatinės teisės institutams
IŠORINIS IR VIDINIS TEISĖJŲ IR TEISMŲ ĮVAIZDIS
Get PDFArticle examines the character, similarities and differences of the image (separate it’s aspects) of judges and courts perceived by judges (n = 171) and general public representing different age groups (n = 1186), as well as the relationships among the image of judges and courts, experience accumulated by participants, and socio-demographic characteristics.The participants completed the “Image of Judges and Courts” questionnaire developed by us. Findings showed that the image of judges and courts (the environmental, service, and social aspects of the image) perceived by all external groups (outsiders) and by judges (insiders) was positive. Participants of all external groups gave the most favourable opinion about the image of environment, less favourable opinion about the image of services, and the relatively least favourable opinion about the social image, while judges gave the highest appraisal to the image of services, lower appraisal to the social image, and the lowest appraisal to the image of environment. Youngest (14–17 year old) participants, compared to all older ones (18–25 year olds, 26–49 year olds and 50–86 year olds), appraised all aspects of the image of judges and courts much more favourably. Appraisals of the image of judges and courts given by external groups were related to various factors, such as gender, education, acquired knowledge of the law, personal or family members’ / acquaintances’ participation in court hearings, etc. Judges, in comparison with participants from all external groups (14–17 year olds, 18–25 year olds, 26–49 year olds, and 50–86 year olds), gave more favourable opinions about the service and social images, however, compared to 14–17 year old participants, they rated the environmental image less favourably. Much higher ratings given to the service and social images by judges, compared to participants representing all external groups, may be related either to inadequately overstated evaluation on the part of judges (especially women), or to inadequately understated evaluation on the part of general public, or to both. In any case, such gap between the ratings of the service and social images by judges and general public is a reason for concern.Straipsnyje analizuojamas teisėjų (n = 171) ir įvairaus amžiaus visuomenės grupių atstovų (n = 1186) suvokto teisėjų ir teismų įvaizdžio (tam tikrų jo aspektų) pobūdis, panašumai ir skirtumai, taip pat teisėjų ir teismų įvaizdžio, tiriamųjų sukauptos patirties bei sociodemografinių charakteristikų sąsajos
EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS VERTYBĖS: SAMPRATA, STATUSAS IR IŠŠŪKIAI
Get PDFThe article analyses the concept and content of the key EU values as well as raises questions on Europe’s crisis of values. The paper is structured in three parts. The first part provides a detailed analysis of legal-philosophical foundations of values focusing on values in the context of EU as an international organisation. The second part introduces the reader to the key EU values embedded in Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union as well as their normative content. It claims that belonging to the core of the EU’s legal-political system, Article 2 values represent a constitutional compass allowing the EU to stay the course. At the same, their enforcement relies solemnly on a special political procedure established by Article 7 TEU. The third part of the article is dedicated to present day challenges. The author claims that the EU is experiencing a crisis of values which is of new type and hard to overcome.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama Europos Sąjungos vertybių, įtvirtintų Europos Sąjungos sutarties 2 straipsnyje, samprata ir turinys. Jame tiriami ES vertybių teisiniai ir filosofiniai pagrindai, įtvirtinimas sutartyse bei keliami vertybių krizės Europoje klausimai
SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪRA PAGAL EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS VIDAUS RINKOS TEISĘ
Get PDFIn the context of ongoing and future discussions regarding possible reorganization of the Lithuanian healthcare system in accordance with the constitutional requirements, this article strives to contribute to the discussions by showing the potential of the application of the freedoms of the internal market to healthcare. In particular, it examines the extent to which the freedom of services and the freedom of establishment are applicable to healthcare, and analyses the basis for the Union competence in the healthcare area and its limits. It also aims to establish, where the current European Union (EU) law strikes a balance between the internal market and the power of the Member States to organise their social security (healthcare) systems.The principles of free movement within internal market were designed, in essence, with economical considerations in mind, whereas healthcare is often perceived from the national point of view as a service of public interest exclusively falling under the national competence. However, through the broad interpretation by the Court of Justice of the EU of the notions of the internal market, such as “services”, “companies or firms” and „restrictions“, the principles of free movement were brought to apply to full extent to healthcare. Almost any activity within the healthcare sector is therefore an economical activity from the point of view of the internal market freedoms and falls under the scope and scrutiny of EU law.Nevertheless, the article shows that the development of EU law in the area is not monolitic. The practical consequences in the field of the application to healthcare of the freedom of services are far more reaching than in the field of the freedom of establishment, where a certain reservation on the part of the Court of Justice of the EU might be currently observed.Straipsnyje tiriama Europos Sąjungos teisės laisvo paslaugų judėjimo ir įsisteigimo laisvės srityse taikymo sveikatos priežiūros veiklai apimtis, analizuojamas Europos Sąjungos kompetencijos sveikatos priežiūros srityje pagrindas ir jos ribos, taip pat siekiama įvertinti, ar dabartinėje Europos Sąjungos teisės išsivystymo stadijoje yra nusistovėjusi pusiausvyra (riba) tarp vidaus rinkos ir valstybių narių kompetencijos organizuoti savo socialinės (sveikatos) apsaugos sistemas ir kur reikėtų brėžti šią ribą. Straipsnyje pateikiama analizė ir išvados remiasi gausia Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo praktika sveikatos priežiūros srityje, pateikiamos įžvalgos apie galimas tolesnes tendencijas, lyginant Teismo praktiką sveikatos priežiūros srityje su kitomis sritimis
О ЕДИНСТВЕ ЦИВИЛИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА (В КОНТЕКСТЕ НОВЕЛЛИЗАЦИИ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА РОССИИ)
Get PDFDie gegenständigen Gesetzesnovellen und Gesetzentwürfen im Russland von heute schaffen die Rechtsvoraussetzungen für einheitlichen Prozessraum – d.h., für die Einheit des Zivilprozesses. Die Einheitlichkeit des Zivilprozesses hat selbstständigen onthologischen Wurzeln, die die Geschichte des Zivilprozesses, der Zivilprozessform und der Prozesslehren gezeigt werden.Единое процессуальное пространство становится в России законодательной реальностью: в декабре 2014 года Комитетом Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации одобряется Концепция единого Гражданского процессуального кодекса Российской Федерации1. Практически одновременно – в феврале 2015 года – принимается Кодекс административного судопроизводства. [...
DRAUDIKO TEISĖ LENKIJOS TEISINĖJE SISTEMOJE PAREIKŠTI REIKALAVIMUS DARBUOTOJUI – VAIRUOTOJUI, SUKĖLUSIAM ŽALĄ KELYJE
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KAI KURIE PROBLEMINIAI RESTITUCIJOS TAIKYMO IR GRUPĖS IEŠKINIO TEIKIMO PIKTNAUDŽIAVIMO RINKA ATVEJAIS ASPEKTAI
Get PDFArticle begins with an analysis of general civil liability provisions regarding compensation of pecuniary damage caused by market abuse activity: insider trading and market manipulation. Further an assessment of two damage compensation mechanisms are being presented: the appropriateness of restitution and the expedience of class action when the pecuniary damage is being caused by market abuse activity. Determination of aggrieved financial market participants and calculation of pecuniary damage is being analyzed. In the end of the article the main findings are presented.Straipsnyje nagrinėjami investuotojams ir kitiems finansų rinkos dalyviams piktnaudžiavimo rinka veiksmais, t. y. pasinaudojimo viešai neatskleista informacija ir manipuliavimo rinka, padarytos turtinės žalos atlyginimo aktualūs klausimai, t. y. restitucijos taikymo ir grupės ieškinio teikimo tam tikri probleminiai aspektai
TARYBOS DIREKTYVOS 2009/133/EB NUOSTATŲ, SKIRTŲ KOVOTI SU MOKESČIŲ VENGIMU, PERKĖLIMAS Į LIETUVOS TEISĘ
Get PDFOn 19 October 2009 The Council Directive 2009/133/EC on the common system of taxation applicable to mergers, divisions, partial divisions, transfers of assets and exchanges of shares concerning companies of different Member States and to the transfer of the registered office of an SE or SCE between Member States was adopted.Provisions of the said Directive were implemented in the Chapter IX of the Law on Corporate Income Tax in Lithuania. However Article 15 of the Directive – a means against tax avoidance – was not directly transposed into Lithuanian legislation. Thus it is not clear weather Lithuanian tax administrator could fight cases of tax avoidance in the international mergers or transfers and what means in such cases should be used. It is also not clear whether the said article of the Directive should have in general been directly transposed into national legislation.This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the article 15 of the Directive as well as addresses problem aspects of the application of the substance over form principle in the cases of international mergers and transfers in Lithuania.Having made an in-depth analysis the author of the article draws the following conclusions: wording of the Article 15 of the Directive – namely the definition of tax avoidance and valid commercial reasons, burden of proof – is unclear. The Court of Justice of the European Union does not provide much definition either. According to the Court of Justice, Article 15 of the Directive is a reflection of a general principle which states that abuse of rights is prohibited. Direct transposition of the said article into national legislation is not necessary – a general anti-avoidance rule established in the national legislation may suffice. In the case of tax avoidance in international mergers and transfers a substance over form principle could be applied in Lithuania. In the cases of tax avoidance mergers and transfers are used as a part of group of operations. In order to identify an aim to avoid tax, the whole group of operations and actual circumstances should be analysed. Substance over form principle can only be applied in the cases when there is a subjective intention to gain tax advantage as well as objective circumstances demonstrating that the purpose of the Directive was not achieved. Straipsnyje atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad Lietuvoje, įgyvendinant 2009 m. spalio 19 d. Tarybos direktyvą 2009/133/EB dėl bendros mokesčių sistemos, taikomos įvairių valstybių narių įmonių jungimui, skaidymui, daliniam skaidymui, turto perleidimui ir keitimuisi akcijomis ir SE arba SCE registruotos buveinės perkėlimui iš vienos valstybės narės į kitą, į Pelno mokesčio įstatymą nebuvo tiesiogiai perkelta jos 15 straipsnyje įtvirtinta norma, dėl skirta kovoti su mokesčių vengimu. Atlikus išsamią šio direktyvos straipsnio analizę, pateikiamas vertinimas, ar šio straipsnio perkėlimas buvo reikalingas
TEISINIO REGULIAVIMO ĮTAKA DALYVAUTI DARBO RINKOJE SUKAKUS PENSINĮ AMŽIŲ IR PROBLEMOS LIETUVOJE IR PRANCŪZIJOJE
Get PDFCet article analyse les problèmes de l‘extension de l’activité professionnelle des personnes âgées dans le domaine de retraite, des prestations du chômage et du droit de travail en Lituanie et en France. L‘article traite également la réglementation juridique aux personnes âgées, concernant la retraite, les prestations du chômage et du droit de travail, l’auteur analyse les réformes dans ces domaines et presente les conclusions.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamos vyresnio amžiaus žmonių profesinės veiklos ilginimo problemos pensijų, nedarbo išmokų ir darbo teisės srityje Lietuvoje ir Prancūzijoje. Taip pat nagrinėjamas teisinis vyresnio amžiaus žmonių pensijų, nedarbo išmokų ir darbo teisės reguliavimas, analizuojamos reformos ir pateikiama išvadų
EUROPOS AUTONOMIŠKO SUSITARIMO DĖL MINIMALIŲ REIKALAVIMŲ TIPINĖMS PROFESIONALIŲ FUTBOLININKŲ SUTARTIMS ĮGYVENDINIMO EFEKTYVUMAS
Get PDFThe article analyses the effectiveness of the implementation process of the autonomous Agreement on minimum requirements in standard player contracts concluded within the European social dialogue committee for European professional football. Firstly, the article briefly explores pros and cons of the autonomous European social dialogue, then examines the importance of Article 5 of the Agreement in the European professional football regulation and investigates the effectiveness of the implementation process of Article 5 of the Agreement in Poland, Croatia, Slovenia and Lithuania.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Europos socialiniu dialogu sudaryto Susitarimo dėl minimalių reikalavimų tipinėms profesionalių futbolininkų sutartims įgyvendinimo efektyvumas. Visų pirma straipsnyje atskleidžiama Europos socialinio dialogo, kaip autonomiško reguliavimo instrumento, pranašumai ir trūkumai. Taip pat analizuojama Susitarimo 5 straipsnio reikšmė, profesionalių futbolininkų teisių užtikrinimas nacionaliniu lygmeniu. Galiausiai straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Susitarimo 5 straipsnio įgyvendinimo Lenkijoje, Kroatijoje, Slovėnijoje ir Lietuvoje efektyvumas