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Ultima ratio principo samprata
Get PDF[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
In the process of criminalisation of certain offences, the relevant requirements for legislature must be raised, which limit discretion of legislature and do not allow distorting the essence of criminal law. The theory of criminalisation determines these requirements and one of them is the ultima ratio (latin last, final argument, last resort) principle.This principle means that criminal liability, being the most restricting measure in terms of rights and freedoms of persons, must be applied in exceptional cases only, when other legal or non-legal means are not sufficient in order to stop criminality.The content of the ultima ratio principle includes: 1) serious violation of individual, social and state legal interests;2) absence of alternative influence means for this violation in other legal branches. The content of the ultima ratio principle also encompasses inner (consistency of criminal law system) and outer (the means of criminal law is exceptional when compared with the means of other legal branches) aspects as well as aspects of legislature and implementation of law.The ultima ratio principle is given a different meaning: from the scientific recommendation for legislature to the obligatory constitutional principle. Due to the relation with the defence of fundamental rights and the principle of proportionality, which makes ultima ratio peremptory, the ultima ratio principle is considered as the regulatory provision of law – the legal principle which is related to criminal justice. Since the ultima ratio principle functions, first of all, in legislature, i.e. in the process of criminalization, it must be considered as the substantive special principle of criminal policy.[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Straipsnyje siekiama pagrįsti, kad ultima ratio išreiškia baudžiamosios atsakomybės, kaip paskutinės teisinių gėrių apsaugos priemonės, idėją; ultima ratio nėra tik rekomendacija ar įstatymų leidybos etikos principas, tačiau turėtų būti laikomas savarankišku normatyviniu teisės principu; atsižvelgiant į tai, kad ultima ratio pirmiausia veikia kriminalizuojant atitinkamas veikas, jis laikomas specialiuoju baudžiamosios politikos principu
VAKARŲ TEISĖS TRADICIJOS IR BIOMEDICINOS MOKSLŲ SANTYKIS EUROPOS PATENTŲ KONVENCIJOS 53 (A) STRAIPSNIO KONTEKSTE
Get PDFThis paper analyses how the Western legal tradition should react to the development of biomedical sciences, when the latter present innovation, which frequently is comprehensive only to a narrow circle of specialists. This work presents the view of the Western legal system and biomedical sciences as two interacting traditions and seeks to set the main guidelines for further investigation, in order to understand, how the legal system should react to the progress of biomedical sciences and set the appropriate regulation. The art. 53 (a) of the European Patent Convention serves in this work as the starting point for the analysis of the relationship between these two traditions.Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip Vakarų teisės tradicija turėtų reaguoti į biomedicinos mokslų pažangą, nulemiančią išradimų, kurie dažnai yra suprantami tik siauram tam tikros srities specialistų ratui, atsiradimą. Šiuo darbu yra siekiama pristatyti požiūrį į Vakarų teisės tradiciją ir biomedicinos mokslus, kaip į dvi santykiaujančias tradicijas, ir tokiu būdu padėti pagrindus tolesniam tyrimui, siekiančiam nustatyti, kaip teisinė sistema turėtų reaguoti į biomedicinos mokslų pažangą ir nustatyti atitinkamą teisinį reguliavimą. Europos patentų konvencijos 53(a) straipsnis šiame darbe pasitelkiamas kaip atspirties taškas minėtų dviejų tradicijų santykiui analizuoti
ATVIROS KAINOS SUTARTIES MODELIS VIENOS KONVENCIJOJE, ŠVELNIOJOJE TEISĖJE IR LIETUVOS SUTARČIŲ TEISĖJE
Get PDFThe article examines the issue of open price contracts. The article aims to assess how open price contracts are approached in the CISG and how the concept of open price have been changed from the adoption of this instrument till the presentation of the Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law. The model established in the Lithuanian contract law and developed by court practice is the object of this article as well. Open price contracts are analysed by examining the rules related to the definition of an offer and contract, the aspects of the contract content and the determination of price.Straipsnyje analizuojama atviros kainos sutarčių problematika. Straipsniu siekiama įvertinti, kokios koncepcijos yra laikomasi Vienos konvencijoje ir kaip keitėsi požiūris į atviros kainos sutartis nuo Vienos konvencijos priėmimo iki Pasiūlymo dėl pirkimo–pardavimo reglamento pateikimo. Straipsnyje analizuojama, koks modelis yra įtvirtintas Lietuvos sutarčių teisėje ir taikomas teismų praktikoje. Atviros kainos sutarties aspektai minėtuose instrumentuose analizuojami tiriant ofertos ir sutarties apibrėžtį, sutarties turinio aspektus ir taisykles, kurios padeda pašalinti atviros kainos spragas
ATSINAUJINANČIOS ENERGETIKOS PLĖTRĄ SKATINANČIO TEISINIO REGULIAVIMO PROBLEMATIKA
Get PDFThe key aim of the renewable energy promotion is to satisfy public interests. In accordance with the Lithuanian laws, renewable energy regulation is based on long-term, fixed promotion of the renewable energy development which directly correlates to electricity price. Due to the continues nature of the renewable energy promotion legal regulation, the changes of the feed-in tariffs applicable for the future purchase of the electricity shall be recognised as compatible with lex retro non agit principle. Economically reasonable electricity price for the consumers and intensive development of the renewable energy are the main public interests competing in the renewable energy promotion sector. Problems of intersection of these principles shall be solved in accordance with the coordination of the different interests’ principle ensuring renewable energy promotion consistency, economic feasibility of the development of the renewable energy projects and a temperate influence of such development on electricity price.Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami pagrindiniai atsinaujinančios energetikos plėtrą skatinančio teisinio reguliavimo probleminiai aspektai, atsižvelgiant į šio ūkio sektoriaus pagrindinius bruožus ir teismų praktiką, susijusią su atsinaujinančios energetikos plėtros skatinimo reglamentavimu
BENDROSIOS KOMPETENCIJOS TEISMŲ CIVILINIŲ BYLŲ NAGRINĖJIMO IR SPRENDIMO TERMINAI (RUSIJOS PATIRTIS)
No full textThe article sets forth notes for the statement at the international scientific conference to commemorate 375 th anniversary of the Faculty and to finalise the national scientific project financed by the Research Council of Lithuania “Ways of implementation of the right to civil proceedings within a reasonable time”...
PASIRENGIMO NAGRINĖTI CIVILINES BYLAS TEISME ĮTAKA BYLAI IŠNAGRINĖTI PER PROTINGĄ LAIKĄ
Get PDFThis article analyses preparatory stage of civil proceedings and how it can influence the time period of hearing a case. The first section of the article distinguishes different models of preparatory stage. It is said that in Lithuania from year 2003 the main hearing model has been institutionalised but still some aspects of post-socialist model can be found. The second section examines the influence of different forms of preparatory stage on time period of hearing civil cases. The authors conclude that quite strict rules are set for preparatory stage in Lithuania and the court is not absolutely free to decide how it is the best to prepare the exact civil case for a court hearing. It is recommended to allow the courts to combine both oral and written forms of preparation in civil proceedings. The third section describe different other problems arising in preparatory stage in Lithuania. The authors stress that not legal regulation but sometimes inadequate understanding of the essence of preparatory stage by the court or participants to the proceedings causes the biggest problems in Lithuania. It has not been till the end conceived that during preparation it is the most important to formulate final claims and pleas of the parties to the dispute, also to submit all necessary evidence. Only in such way all the court hearings of civil disputes in courts of first instance will be smooth and without delays.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama pasirengimo stadija civiliniame procese, šios stadijos įtaka civilinėms byloms nagrinėti per protingą terminą ir bandoma išskirti pagrindines problemas, kylančias šiame civilinio proceso etape. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama tam tikroms pasirengimo formoms ir jų įtakai proceso trukmei, taip pat ginčo šalių bandymams pateikti įrodymus pavėluotai ar keisti ieškinio dalyką ar pagrindą kuo vėliau ir taip užvilkinti bylos nagrinėjimą teisme
EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS VERTYBIŲ LAIKYMOSI UŽTIKRINIMO PROBLEMOS
Get PDFThe article analyses the means of protection of the key EU values embedded in Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union (TEU). The paper claims that the mechanisms designed for protection of EU values are rather weak and are suffering from political unwillingness of EU Member States to act against other EU states. Due to the limits of Articles 258–260 of the TFEU (providing for infringement procedure), protection of EU values is relying solemnly on a special political procedure, established by the Article 7 TEU. This procedure is often considered as the measure of last resort or even ‘nuclear option’ and has never been applied because of high thresholds needed for activating it and for being considered as politicaly counterproductive.The two initiatives suggested by the Commission and the Council in 2014 should be considered as additional, though a tiny steps towards enhanced protection of EU values in general, and the rule of law in particular. Nevertheless, the ‘ideal’ solution is still not on the table as both, the Commission’s and the Council’s proposals do not appear adequate to tackle the problem of reversing ‘anti-rule of law’ tendencies. The author investigates and compares the present proposals and considers whether they are proper instruments for addressing fundamental challenges EU face. The paper suggests, that ‘pre-Article 7’ procedure put forward by the Commission is prefarable (in terms of effectiveness) to the Council’s proposal of annual rule of law dialogue.Šiame straipsnyje tiriama ES vertybių, įtvirtintų Europos Sąjungos sutarties 2 straipsnyje, laikymosi užtikrinimo mechanizmai, numatyti ES teisėje, jų tinkamumas ir pakankamumas. Dėmesio skiriama Europos Sąjungos sutarties7 straipsnyje įtvirtintam mechanizmui ir jo efektyvumui, kartu įvertinamos Europos Komisijos ir Tarybos pasiūlymuose pateiktos papildomos priemonės, skirtos ginti pamatines ES vertybes, ypač teisinės valstybės principą
CIVILINĖS IR KOMERCINĖS BYLOS RIBOS REGLAMENTE DĖL JURISDIKCIJOS IR TEISMO SPRENDIMŲ CIVILINĖSE IR KOMERCINĖSE BYLOSE PRIPAŽINIMO IR VYKDYMO
Get PDFThe Purpose of this article is to analyze the categories, established in Brussels Convention and Brussels I or Brussels Ibis regulations, which are excluded from the area of civil and commercial matter. The matters related to bankruptcy, social security and arbitration are analyzed in this article. It is sought to reveal the contents of the category of the civil and commercial matter as well as to illustrate the main novelties of the Brussels Ibis. Conclusions show that the category of the bankruptcy case is not an independent category of the European Union, but depends on the content of the insolvency regulations of the Member States. Exclusion of the bankruptcy cases is based on the interest to provide greater efficiency within the insolvency procedures. Notion of the disputes related to the social security is interpreted restrictively to the disputes related to medical care, sickness benefits, maternity allowances, invalidity benefits, old age and survivors pensions benefits for accidents at work and occupational diseases family allowances and unemployment benefits; regression claims of the social security institutions per se should not excluded from the Brussels regime. Brussels Ibis changes previously applicable rules, related to arbitration exclusion as explicitly priority is given to New York Convention as well as Brussels Ibis might not be applied to a ruling given by a court of a Member State as to whether or not an arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed, regardless of whether the court decided on this as a principal issue or as an incidental question. EUCJ decision in Gazprom case clarifies that arbitral tribunals are not obliged to follow the principle of mutual trust and approves arbitral tribunals’ right to prohibit private parties continue litigation in the Courts of the Member States.Straipsnyje analizuojamas Briuselio konvencijos ir ją pakeitusių Briuselis I ir Briuselis Ibis reglamentų įtvirtintos konkrečios teisminių ginčų kategorijos, išskiriamos iš civilinės ir komercinės bylos srities. Nagrinėjami ginčai, susiję su bankrotu, socialiniu draudimu ir arbitražu
СРОЧНЫЙ ТРУДОВОЙ ДОГОВОР В ГЕРМАНИИ И РОССИИ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АСПЕКТ
Get PDFThe article comparatively analyzes current labour legislation and court decisions in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the Russian Federation related to fixed-term employment contracts. In particularly the sources of regulation of fixed-term employment contracts are analyzed. Furthermore the cases, in which it is permitted to conclude a fixed-term employment contract due to a justifying reason and the exceptions to this rule as well as the required form of fixed-term employment contracts in both countries are examined. The possibilities for prolongation and termination of fixed-term employment contracts are comparatively analyzed. Finally the requirements and the prodecure for settling individual labour disputes relating to fixed-term employment contracts are compared.Трудовое законодательство и Германии, и России предусматривает возможность заключения срочных трудовых договоров. Однако эта возможность ограничена законодательством и предоставляется лишь в случаях, когда это отвечает, при определенных обстоятельствах, интересам работодателей и работников
TEISĖ Į TEISINĘ PAGALBĄ EUROPOJE
Get PDFThe article analyses regulation of the right to legal aid in international and EU law. Particular attention is paid to the search of legal aid quality standards in Europe, their overview and critical assesment.Straipsnyje analizuojamas teisės į teisinę pagalbą reguliavimas tarptautinėje ir ES teisėje, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant teisinės pagalbos kokybės standartų Europoje paieškoms, jiems apibendrinti ir kritiškai įvertinti