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PACIENTO PAREIGA RŪPINTIS SAVO SVEIKATA KAIP TEISĖS Į SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪROS PASLAUGAS ĮGYVENDINIMO SĄLYGA
Get PDFThis article focuses on the complexity of the obligation of a patient to his health and aims to approach it as one of the most important conditions of patient‘s rights instead of regarding it as a declarative note to a patient. Social pressure binding an individual to fulfil certain obligations arise only in case legal provisions are considered as important and essential for sustainability of social life.Straipsnyje aptariama pareigos rūpintis savo sveikata problematika argumentuojant, kad požiūris į šią prievolę ir deramą jos vykdymą turi keistis. Pareigą rūpintis savo sveikata reikia suvokti ne kaip deklaratyvią paciento atmintinės nuostatą, bet kaip vieną iš svarbiausių sąlygų paciento teisei į sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas atsirasti ir įgyvendinti. Socialinis spaudimas, skatinantis individą laikytis teisės normoje suformuluoto įpareigojimo, kyla tik tada, kai normos suvokiamos kaip svarbios, nes tikima, kad jos būtinos palaikyti socialinį gyvenimą
DISKRECIJOS SĄVOKA LIETUVOS VIEŠOJOJE TEISĖJE
Get PDFThe article analyzes variations of the concept of discretion used in contemporary Lithuanian public law, the content for this term. The article uses the practice of administrative courts as an illustrative part of public law. It also analyzes the discretion in legislation, issues of the limits of discretion of officials, judges, and the activities of law-making subjects. The article also highlights the aspects of the right of discretion when adopting individual and regulatory legal acts.Straipsnyje analizuojama nūdienos Lietuvos viešojoje teisėje vartojamos diskrecijos sąvokos variantai, šiam terminui tenkantis turinys. Kalbant apie viešąją teisę, straipsnyje naudojamasi administracinių teismų praktika, taip pat analizuojama diskrecija teisėkūroje, paliečiamos diskrecijos ribų pareigūnų, teisėjų veikloje, teisėkūros subjektų veikloje problemos, išryškinami naudojimosi diskrecijos teise aspektai priimant individualius ir norminius teisės aktus
TEISMO POSĖDŽIO DALYVIŲ TEISĖSAUGOS INSTITUCIJŲ IR PAREIGŪNŲ ELGESIO VERTINIMAI: 2012 IR 2015 METŲ TYRIMŲ DUOMENYS
Get PDFThe article analyses how the participants of the hearings of various Lithuanian courts assess law enforcement institutions, their own commitment to obey the law and law enforcement officers, the behaviour of relevant officers, court premises and the staff (excluding judges), as well as proposed modifications in the judicial system. Comparison of the data of 2012 and 2015 year studies in many cases revealed positive changes of participants’ evaluations.Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip įvairių Lietuvos teismų posėdžių dalyviai vertina teisėsaugos institucijas, savo įsipareigojimą paklusti įstatymams ir pareigūnams, pareigūnų elgesį, teismo patalpas ir darbuotojus (ne teisėjus), taip pat siūlomus teismų sistemos pokyčius. Palyginus 2012 ir 2015 metų duomenis, daugeliu atvejų nustatyti teigiami tiriamųjų vertinimų pokyčiai
ES BENDRASIS DUOMENŲ APSAUGOS REGLAMENTAS: REIKŠMĖ DUOMENŲ APSAUGOS TEISEI
Get PDFThe EU General Data Protection Regulation shall be applied from 25 May 2018. This is the result of the personal data protection law reform in the EU. So far the legal regulation in the EU Member States has been based on EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC of 1995 that is implemented by the Law of the Republic of Lithuanian on Legal Protection of Personal Data. The aim of this article is to reveal the significance of the General Data Protection Regulation for the data protection law as an area of law.One can distinguish as significantly important those provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation which are due to impact development of the data protection law beyond the EU and accelerate globalisation of the data protection law in accordance to the EU standards. The said functions should be performed by those provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation that oblige non-EU data controllers to follow the EU requirements while processing personal data concerning data subjects who are in the Union and establish cases where data can be transferred to third countries or international organisations by way of ensuring data protection that is analogous to the EU standards.The General Data Protection Regulation redraws the limits of the liabilities for the compliance in the data protection law. The involvement of data protection supervisory institutions in daily data processing activities and its control is due to be reduced. It also strengthens the primary liability of a data controller for ensuring the compliance with the data protection law, promotes data controllers’ autonomy and trust in them. Such significant impact to the data protection law shall be produced by the entirety of the following novelties: the principle of accountability, obligations to carry out a data protection impact assessment, to consult a supervisory authority, appoint a data protection officer, repeal of procedures for notification of supervisory authorities and prior checking.Efficient application of the General Data Protection Regulation in Lithuania can be encumbered by the lack of methodical, explanatory, recommendatory materials on interpretation and implementation of abstract new provisions. Due to lack of legal certainty purposes of the General Data Protection Regulation may be better furthered at the beginning of the application of the novelties by way of such regulatory instruments as instructions, reprimands and opinions rather than imposition of enormous fines.ES Bendrasis duomenų apsaugos reglamentas 2018 m. reformuos duomenų apsaugos teisę nustatydamas daugybę naujų taisyklių ir pareigų. Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos svarbiausios naujovės, kurios turėtų paskatinti duomenų apsaugos teisės globalizaciją. Atskleidžiama, kaip Bendrasis duomenų apsaugos reglamentas perskirstys duomenų valdytojų ir priežiūros institucijų atsakomybę
NESĄŽININGŲ SĄLYGŲ PREKIAUTOJŲ TARPUSAVIO (B2B) SUTARTYSE KONTROLĖ PAGAL LIETUVOS TEISĘ
Get PDFSo far, the review of unfair terms has been harmonized in terms of contracts between traders and consumers (B2C), whereas the protection from unfair terms in contracts between traders (B2B) varies from country to country. This article is a contribution to the discussion of other authors related to the regulation of unfair terms in B2B contracts with a Lithuanian perspective taking into account the current Lithuanian legislation, foreign practice, “soft law” instruments, and unfair terms regulation in B2B contracts proposed by the draft Common European Sales Law (CESL).Iki šiol nesąžiningų sąlygų kontrolė suderinta tik sutarčių tarp verslo subjektų ir vartotojų (B2C) atžvilgiu, o apsauga nuo nesąžiningų sąlygų sutartyse tarp verslo subjektų (B2B) skiriasi priklausomai nuo šalies. Šis straipsnis papildo kitų autorių diskusijas, susijusias su nesąžiningų sąlygų reglamentavimu B2B sutartyse, atsižvelgiant į dabartinį reglamentavimą Lietuvoje, užsienio praktiką, negriežtosios teisės (angl. soft law) priemones ir Bendrosios Europos pirkimo–pardavimo sutarčių teisės (CESL) projekto pasiūlytą nesąžiningų sąlygų B2B sutartyse reguliavimą iš Lietuvos perspektyvos
PLAČIAI ŽINOMŲ PREKIŲ ŽENKLŲ APSAUGĄ PAGRINDŽIANČIŲ TEORIJŲ ANALIZĖ
Get PDFThis article analyses main theories providing the rationale for the protection of well-known marks as it is established in Article 16 (3) of the TRIPS Agreement. Article aims at answering the question if any of these theories could be considered as a doctrinal basis for the protection of well-known marks which extends beyond the principle of specialty. This analysis is also important in the light of the EU protection for trade marks with reputation which in practice is applied inconsistently and requires more detailed analysis. The separation line between the protection of well-known marks and marks with reputation in the EU is not very clear and the EU trade mark law reform has not addressed the deficiencies of the legal regulation. Once the doctrinal basis for the protection of well-known marks is established, the analysis of goals and limits of protecting reputed marks should be undertaken.Article analysis two groups of theories. The first group encompasses doctrines which mainly focus on the protection of interests of trade mark proprietors. The second group analyses the extended protection of well-known marks from the protection of the consumer’s’ interests point of view. Article covers the analysis of F. Schechter’s dilution theory and theory on the protection against unfair advantage, brand expansion theory, theory of the protection of the advertising function, search cost theory and theory on the protection of the consumers‘ „exclusivity feeling“.The conclusion is reached that all the above listed theories have disadvantages that make their practical applicability quite difficult. It is also concluded that without establishing a clear doctrinal basis for the protection of well-known marks which extends beyond the principle of specialty it becomes challenging to analyse a rationale for the protection of trade marks with reputation.Straipsnyje analizuojamos teorijos, pagrindžiančios plačiai žinomų prekių ženklų apsaugą, įtvirtintą Sutarties dėl intelektinės nuosavybės teisių aspektų, susijusių su prekyba (TRIPS), 16 straipsnio 3 dalyje. Straipsniu siekiama atskleisti pagrindines remiantis TRIPS 16 straipsnio 3 dalimi saugomas prekių ženklų funkcijas ir jų ribas bei nustatyti galbūt tinkamiausią šios apsaugos doktrininį pagrindimą
NŪDIENOS TEISĖKŪROS PROCESO REGLAMENTAVIMO LIETUVOJE IR JOS VEIKSMINGUMO SANTYKIS
Get PDFThere is a large number of scientific articles, where relationship between the form and content of the judicial practice are analysing. But, when the issue consists the legislation procedure, mostly scientific analysing is focused on a legal technique or on the specific problem in the particular branch of law or particular legal act. The regulation procedure in an area of a State power and relationship with a general efficiency on the beneficiary on the good of society, law system and the trust of Law is dealt with in this article. The State power or Government in this article has a broad meaning, which includes the Government of Lithuania, as a State body with a Constitutional right of legislative initiative and all large number of ministries, departments and other governmental institutions as well as working groups, appointed by the Government of Lithuania, legal and state staff. A lot of stages and norms, dedicated to the legislation procedure in this area. Each institution has it’s “own” legal act, which regulates functions and sphere of responsibility of this institution in the legislation procedure. In addition, there is a general Law of Government of Lithuania, where all ministries and main functions of competence and procedures are described. In the text of this law, one can find the legal norm, which directs to another legal act – the Regulation of the Work of the Government.In this act every stage and step of move and behaviour of each particular department is described in detail. What is specific, – the existence of legal norm in this Regulation, which describes the institutional behaviour when having disagreement between them. The norm has a name “Coordination of disagreements”. In the 2001, it changed the other legal norm, the content of which was only about agreements and conclusions, not about disagreements. Since then the number of legal norms, related with coordination and with a word “coordination” increased. The increased number of using the word “coordination” relates not only with the regulation of the legal procedure and relationships between Lithuanian institutions, but also describes the possibility for interpretation of one’s social role in social group and it is not always is in relation with efficiency of legal acts. There is no any regulation or statistics, about a general score of debates and observations, which are considering and putting in to the legal text. Mostly, it is a discretion of a particular office employee and depends only on his/her. So, it is a sphere for social role (subject), a sphere, in which someone can be satisfied only with possibility to “play his role”. So, it is also a sphere for “regulation for regulation”, for form’s domination against the content. It is obvious from the statistics that the number of legal acts and law drafts not decreases. So, a decrease of regulation norms in a procedure of legislation can increase a quality and efficiency of it: one in his social role should have more general, not specific knowledge and it also means that one must have a more open minded thinking, general values, including respect for general principals in law.Straipsnyje analizuojami vykdomosios valdžios teisėkūros veiksmingumo aspektai: paliečiama formos dominavimo prieš turinį problema, socialinio vaidmens įtaka, reglamentuojančių teisės normų didelio skaičiaus įtaka teisėkūros veiksmingumui
ATVIROJI VAGYSTĖ IR JOS KVALIFIKAVIMO YPATUMAI
Get PDFArticle is devoted to analysis of Overt theft as aggravating theft, that is forseen in Paragraph 2 of Article 178 (theft) of The Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The conception of Overt theft under criminal law science and jurisprudence is given. The article reveals some peculiarities of incrimination and qualification of the aggravated theft.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso 178 straipsnio (vagystė) 2 dalyje numatytas kvalifikuojamasis veikos požymis „atvirai“. Pateikiama šio požymio samprata baudžiamosios teisės moksle ir teismų praktikoje, atskleidžiami tam tikri probleminiai šio požymio nustatymo aspektai ir kai kurie su šiuo požymiu susiję kvalifikavimo ypatumai
BAUSMĖS VYKDYMO ATIDĖJIMAS IR AKTUALIOS JO TAIKYMO PROBLEMOS
Get PDF...Probacijos sistemos Lietuvoje koncepcijoje konstatuota, kad vienas iš pagrindinių baudžiamosios justicijos Lietuvoje trūkumų – dažnas ir ilgalaikis laisvės atėmimo bausmės taikymas. Taikyti su laisvės atėmimu nesusijusias priemones skatina Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacijos1, kuriose pripažįstama, kad plėsti tokių priemonių taikymą reikalauja pagrindiniai kiekvienos teisinės sistemos principai. Susirūpinimas dėl nerimą keliančių kalinimo sąlygų Europos Sąjungoje nuolat reiškiamas ir Europos Parlamente, atitinkamai valstybės narės raginamos imtis skubių priemonių, kad būtų užtikrinta pagarba kalinių pagrindinėms teisėms, ypač pažeidžiamų asmenų teisėms ir šių asmenų teisių apsaugai2. Skatinimą ieškoti realaus laisvės atėmimo bausmės vykdymo alternatyvų savo moksliniuose darbuose išreiškia ir teisės krypties mokslininkai. Gintautas Sakalauskas pabrėžia, kad „asmuo, uždarytas įkalinimo įstaigoje, nėra blogio personifikacija, taisytinas tarsi klaidingai nubraižytas eskizas, ir nelaikytinas didžiausio pavojaus likusiai visuomenės daliai šaltiniu3“. Teisininko išsakytas požiūris nepaneigia būtinumo reaguoti į asmens nusikalstamą elgesį, tačiau šios reakcijos procesą skatina kreipti pozityvia ir pačiai visuomenei bei nuteistam asmeniui palankiausia linkme. [...
ŠVELNESNIS BAUDŽIAMASIS ĮSTATYMAS IR JO TAIKYMO RIBOS LIETUVOS TEISMŲ JURISPRUDENCIJOJE
Get PDFArticle deals with the concept and content of the milder criminal statute, kinds of milder criminal statute and limits of its application in the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts.The Criminal Code of The Republic of Lithuania regulates in sufficient detail the conception of milder (stricter) criminal law and the limits of its application. Para 2 of Article 3 of the Criminal Code of Lithuania provides that “a criminal law nullifying the criminality of an act, commuting a penalty or in otherwise mitigating legal circumstances for the person who committed the criminal act shall have a retroactive effect, i.e., it shall apply to the persons who committed the criminal act prior to the coming into force of such a law, also to the persons serving a sentence and those with previous convictions”.Criminal statute nullifying the criminality of an act is a law which no longer provides for former corpus delicti (full decriminalisation) or narrows its composition by providing new or eliminating former features of corpus delicti (partial decriminalisation), hence certain actus reus become non-criminal.Criminal statute commuting a penalty, may be recognized as a law which reduces the minimum, maximum or both terms of the imprisonment provided in the sanction of the Article of CC, or reduces the minimum, maximum or both terms of the kind of penalty provided in the Article of General Part of CC, or provides for new one or few milder kinds of penalties in the sanction of the Article of CC, etc.Criminal statute in otherwise mitigating legal circumstances for the person who committed the criminal act is a law which removes an act from the list of serious crimes, extends the possibility of releasing the person who committed the criminal act from criminal liability or penalty or suspend the execution of penalty conduct, establishes a more favourable kind and regime of a correctional institution, provides more favourable conditions for paying fines, shortens the prescription period, duration of conviction, etc.Analysis of jurisprudence of The Supreme Court of Lithuania shows that courts usually make mistakes in the process of establishing the limits of retroactive application of criminal law (to people serving imprisonment sentences), which is commuting a penalty or is in otherwise mitigating circumstances for the person who committed the criminal act.Straipsnyje analizuojama švelnesnio baudžiamojo įstatymo samprata, reglamentavimo principai, švelnesnio baudžiamojo įstatymo rūšys ir taikymo ribos Lietuvos teismų jurisprudencijoje