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Išankstinio administracinių ginčų nagrinėjimo ne teisme institutas Lietuvoje: bendrosios normatyvinės charakteristikos
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In Lithuania the extrajudicial settlement of administrative disputes is regulated by the main general laws, particularly, the Law on Administrative Proceedings, the Law on Public Administration and the Law of Administrative Dispute Commissions, which regulates the functioning of Lithuanian Administrative Disputes Commission as the quasi-court, having general competence of pre-trial administrative dispute resolution. Yet there are many special laws, which set different notions and norms of extrajudicial settlement of administrative disputes in separate fields of administrative law.
In previous article having examined the substance and scientific insights on legal values, which relate to the pre-trial administrative dispute resolution, now the author continuously investigates the common normative legal background in the regulation of the pre-trial resolution of administrative disputes. This research is aimed at answering the main question, whether the norms of basic laws are sufficient to the formation of unanimous conception of institutional and functional system of pre-trial resolution of administrative disputes. Therefore, the article concentrates on the provisions of general legal regulation, which embed legal categories and criteria on the very description of the pre-trial administrative dispute resolution, and determine its position in the legal system, discerning from common administrative procedures. Also the author discusses the lack of common set and framework in this general regulation of the substantive procedural guaranties which ought to be adhered to the pre-trial dispute resolution, and finally – the effect of these general legal norms by vastly conferring the lawmaking and formation of the most legal characteristics of it to the same administrative authorities, having executive discretionary power.
The author comes to conclusions, that in the provisions of general laws the legal category of the pre-trial administrative dispute resolution is described especially concisely, providing it should be established by the law. The legal description of administrative procedure autonomically is provided and regulated by the Law on Public Administration. But neither the Law on Administrative Proceedings, nor the Law on Administrative Dispute Commissions do give further qualitative criteria on the systematic establishment of the whole institutional and functional system of this kind of dispute resolution, clearly distinguishing it from common administrative procedures. This general regulation environment so far is not being elaborated in order to consolidate its legal provisions. Except the significant changes in the administrative dispute commissions regulation, broadening the provisions of the relevant law so that they now encompass the substantial material and procedural requisites and rules for its real functioning as the quasi-court, yet no respective essential alterations to regulatory arrangements of the pre-trial administrative dispute resolution in other institutions and the whole system have been made and are not expected in the near future. As the aspects of the possible independence and the level of judicial standards, transferable to the latter system still being not properly scientifically investigated, consequently this question is not raised in the initiatives of law making process. By the provisions of the discussed general legislation the established system of pre-trial administrative dispute resolution in administrative dispute commissions and other institutions in formal institutional and functional aspects is collateral. Yet general legislation does not ensure that in the use of essential material and procedural guaranties of the defense of persons’ rights the asymmetrical effect is avoided: the mentioned commissions are facultative institutions, whereas the regulation of the level and set of the material and procedural guaranties in special institutions (including compulsory ones), having a legal priority to the commissions, is vastly conferred to the specific laws of the particular area of public administration, relying the designing of the specific administrative dispute resolution on the legislative and administrative discretion. Using the latter, the administrative institutions can become not only the judge in its own case, but even “build the whole court”. Overall this does not sufficiently correspond with the nature and aims of the pre-trial resolution of administrative disputes, and constitutes an obstacle to systematize its legal regulation.[straipsnis, santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Straipsnyje analizuojamos išankstinio administracinių ginčų nagrinėjimo ne teisme institutą reguliuojančios bendrojo teisinio reguliavimo normos, siekiant patikrinti šio teisinio instituto vientisos koncepcijos formavimo galimybių, jo paskirties ir vietos Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje prielaidas. Autorė tiria šio norminio reguliavimo teikiamas nuostatas ir kriterijus, apibrėžiančius esmines institucines ir funkcines šio teisinio instituto charakteristikas, siekiant atskleisti ir įvertinti problemas dėl galimai egzistuojančio institutą sisteminančių bendrųjų teisės normų trūkumo
Prievolių vykdymo terminai ir jų pasibaigimo teisiniai padariniai
Get PDFQuite a few mistakes still occur in the interpretation and application of legal rules which regulate time-limits in law generally and time-limits for the performance of obligations specifically. The detailed analysis of time-limits for the performance of obligations in jurisprudence is lacking. This article examines the meaning of the time-limits for the performance of obligations, their kinds, the ways of defining these time-limits and legal effects of their extinction. Also, it analyses the parties‘ choices as regards the remedies in the case of breaches of obligations with a term and, finally, the meaning of additional time-limits and the period of grace. The analysis is extensively supported by the case-law which assists in the disclosure of the issues related to the time-limits for the performance of obligations.Teisės taikymo praktikoje vis dar daroma daug klaidų, aiškinant ir taikant teisės normas, reglamentuojančias teisės terminus, įskaitant prievolių vykdymo terminus. Teisės moksle prievolių vykdymo terminai detaliau nebuvo tirti. Straipsnyje analizuojama prievolių vykdymo terminų sąvoka, rūšys, prievolių vykdymo terminų apibrėžimo būdai ir jų pasibaigimo teisiniai padariniai, šalių teisių gynimo būdų, pažeidus terminuotąsias prievoles, ir formų pasirinkimas, prievolių vykdymo papildomasis ir lengvatinis terminai. Pateikiama daug teismų praktikos pavyzdžių, kurie leidžia atskleisti su prievolių vykdymo terminais susijusią problematiką
Kitų nei kaupimo ir palyginimo bendrųjų finansinės apskaitos principų taikymas apmokestinant juridinius asmenis pelno mokesčiu
Get PDFThe article discloses de facto application of other than accrual and matching generally accepted accounting principles for the purpose of legal entities taxation on corporate income tax. Research reveals designation which generally accepted accounting principles could be described as “dormant” in taxation simultaneously disclosing which principles have their own fiscal meaning.Straipsnyje atskleidžiama, kiek iš tikrųjų taikomi kiti nei kaupimo ir palyginimo bendrieji finansinės apskaitos principai apmokestinant juridinius asmenis pelno mokesčiu. Tyrimu siekiama konkrečiai įvardyti, kurie bendrieji finansinės apskaitos principai apskritai „neveikia“ apmokestinant, o kurie yra aktualūs ir taikytini mokestiniams teisiniams santykiams
Europos Sąjungos teisės taikymo tipai Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje
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The significance of European Union law application in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania varies. The European Union law application in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania is examined. The typology and categories are proposed in the research and the characteristics of each of the categories are analysed.
Summary
The influence of the EU law on the Lithuanian Constitutional Court (Konstitucinis Teismas, hereinafter – Constitutional Court) is analysed in this article. Research is based on a coherent analysis of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. To estimate the possible influence, all the jurisprudence was analysed and all decisions (63) which refer to the EU law were identified.
Any attempt to assess the jurisprudence based on an objective criterion (such as time periods of court activities, reference to written law or jurisprudence, sources of the EU law, etc.) failed. The only possible criterion which could bring substantial results would be the cases where the Lithuanian Constitutional Court refers to the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling. Since there is one case from 2007 for such a reference and a second from 2017, this criterion could not yet be qualified as valid due to the insufficient practice. The research proves that the influence of the EU law on the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court could not be assessed by any objective criteria.
The research continues by searching for any possibility based on subjective criteria (although ensuring a highest level of objectivity and neutrality). This assessment was based on a tailor-made methodology: all the related jurisprudence (63 decisions) was analysed and preliminary categories were identified. Then all these decisions were meticulously reassessed and assigned into one of the categories. Three categories were proposed based on the ascension of the intensity of the said influence: orienting, reinforcing and harmonising.
The more intense the EU law influence, the less jurisprudence could be assigned to a certain category: 40 decisions fall within the category of orienting category, 18 decisions to reinforcing category and only 5 decisions to harmonising category. The more intensive the EU law influence is identified, the more thorough analysis has been carried out. In the category of 5 influenced decisions, the decision of the Constitutional Court to refer for a preliminary ruling is assigned (another decision is expected due to the second referral in the end of 2017). There is a brief analysis of two particular decisions based on acte claire doctrine where the Constitutional Court could have referred for a preliminary ruling. One particular case might bring some challenges due to the differences in construing the EU law by the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice regarding the compulsory insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles.
The research illustrates that the Constitutional Court clearly maintains a friendly approach vis a vis EU law and the preliminary ruling procedure could be used more frequently to maintain the judicial dialogue between the highest judicial institutions of different legal systems. This attitude becomes more important when the EU law influence is clearly present in a particular case.[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Europos Sąjungos teisės taikymo reikšmė Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijai yra skirtinga. Šiame straipsnyje, tiriant Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudenciją, pasiūloma Europos Sąjungos teisės taikymo tipologija ir kategorijos bei nagrinėjami kiekvienos kategorijos būdingi bruožai
Jüri Uluots (1890–1945) in seiner und unserer Zeit
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Профессор Jüri Uluots (1890–1945) принадлежит к тем европейским историкам права XX в., которые не только сыграли важную роль как историки права и юристы, но и помогли создать национальную правовую идеологию своей страны. J. Uluots стал и политиком, премьер-министром Эстонии. Научное наследие профессора J. Uluots дает возможность лучшего изучения истории права Латвии, стран Балтийского региона и всей Европы. Статья написана на основе публичной лекции, прочитанной 13 января 2000 г. в Тартусском университете
Das Frühwerk Ilmar Tammelos: Der Weg zum Wissenschaftler
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Administracinės teisės samprata ir mokslas tarpukario Lietuvoje
Get PDFGian Domenico Romagnosi published the first book about administrative law in 1814. The first administrative case in France was examined by the Tribunal des conflits in 1873. Lawyer Antoni Okolski introduced definition of administrative law in Polish language in 1880. In the interwar period, neither a state nor a higher education institution in Lithuania published at its own expense any administrative law book. However, it was analysed in some scientific articles. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyse them as it allows to establish the development of administrative law in Lithuania.Gian Domenico Romagnosi 1814 m. išleido pirmą knygą apie administracinę teisę. Pirmąją administracinę bylą Prancūzijoje Ginčų teismas išnagrinėjo 1873 m. Teisininkas Antoni Okolski lenkų kalba administracinės teisės apibrėžimą pateikė 1880 m. Tarpukario Lietuvoje nei valstybė, nei aukštoji mokykla savo lėšomis neišleido nė vieno administracinės teisės vadovėlio, studijos ar mokomosios priemonės. Tačiau kai kurie šios teisės šakos institutai buvo analizuoti pavieniuose straipsniuose ir studijose. Taigi šio tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti straipsnius ir studijas, nes tai leidžia nustatyti administracinės teisės mokslo vystymąsi ir tuometes administracinės teisės problemas
Sovietinio pasų režimo įvedimas Lietuvos SSR 1944–1953 metais
Get PDFIn 1944–1953 several campaigns of passport issuance were carried out in Lithuania: already in December 1944 the residents of Vilnius and Kaunas received Soviet type personal identity documents, in November 1945–March 1946 – all the residents of Lithuania. The article seeks to identify: 1) when, under what circumstances and what were the first documents issued in Lithuania; 2) how did the system of control over the population enabled by the passport regime function; 3) what is known about the spread of counterfeit documents.1944–1953 m. Lietuvoje vykdyta keletas pasportizacijos kampanijų: jau 1944 m. gruodžio mėn. sovietinio pavyzdžio asmens tapatybės dokumentus gavo Vilniaus ir Kauno gyventojai, 1945 m. lapkričio – 1946 m. kovo mėn. – visi Lietuvos SSR gyventojai. Straipsnyje siekiama išsiaiškinti: kada, kokiomis aplinkybėmis ir kokie pirmieji dokumentai Lietuvoje buvo išduodami; kaip veikė pasų režimo įgalinta gyventojų kontrolės sistema; kas žinoma apie padirbtų dokumentų plitimą
Administracinė teisė Vaclovo Biržiškos akimis
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The article examines Administrative Law course descriptions from 1931/1932 and 1936/1937 academic years and lectures’ notes published in 1935 and 1937. These were the only written sources on the studies of administrative law until 1939. Despite such a miserable literature on the subject of administrative law in the Interwar period in Lithuania, it has not been analysed to date. The object of the research is the studies and the content of administrative law course unit in the Interwar period in Lithuania including getting acquainted with public administration of some areas. Several findings were made in the study. First, administrative law was not given enough attention – the head of Administrative Law Department at the University of Vytautas Magnus, V. Biržiška, was a recognized and well-known book scientist, documentarian, book and press historian, dean of the Faculty, but not a specialist of administrative law. Some young scholars (V. Fridšteinas, K. Račkauskas) were professionally interested in administrative law, although somehow they were not invited to teach at the University. Second, during the course of administrative law V. Biržiška devoted much attention to the history of the formation of various states, to the comparative legal regulation in different countries. That is the reason to call his course as a first course of comparative administrative law in Lithuania. Third, the course of V. Biržiška’s administrative law was right at its initial phase of development: there were no clear terms of administrative law, administrative acts, public service, public administration, and no clear division between administrative law and other branches of public and private law.[straipsnis, santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Lietuvoje administracinės teisės paskaitos buvo pradėtos skaityti 1922 m. rudenį Lietuvos universitete. Skaitė jas V. Biržiška, pripažintas Lietuvos knygotyrininkas, dokumentotyrininkas, spaudos ir knygos istorijos žinovas, bibliografas, biografistikos pradininkas. V. Biržiška nėra išleidęs nė vieno veikalo, susijusio su administracine teise, išskyrus, manytina, administracinės teisės paskaitų planus, atspindėjusius administracinės teisės paskaitų turinį ir to meto teisininkų supratimą apie šią teisės šaką. Be to, tarpukario Lietuvoje iki 1939 metų nebuvo knygų, skirtų administracinės teisės studijoms. Taigi, tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti 1931–1932 ir 1936–1937 metų administracinės teisės dalyko planus bei 1935 m. ir 1937 m. išleistus paskaitų konspektus kaip vienintelius to meto administracinės teisės studijų šaltinius