Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika
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Gimstamumo ir lyčių revoliucijos sąsajos: Lietuva lyginamojoje perspektyvoje
Full text linkThe study analyses trends in egalitarianism in gender role attitudes and changing associations between fertility and gender equity within and across countries and over time. Lithuania is compared to five European countries, employing an index of gender role attitudes that is constructed based on five international surveys. Findings reveal that Lithuania is not only the most traditional and slowest in transition to egalitarianism of all the countries analyzed, but also stagnating in gender revolution. The results support a U-shaped pattern between changes in fertility and gender role attitudes in almost all countries. This relationship can be moderated not only by levels of gender-equitable attitudes, but also by dispersion in attitudes and normativity of dominant gender role attitudes. The results reveal that maturation of the gender revolution can have a moderating effect.Straipsnyje taikant lyginamąją perspektyvą analizuojamos Lietuvos ir dar penkių Europos šalių požiūrio į lyčių vaidmenis tendencijos, egalitariškumo ir gimstamumo pokyčių sąsajos. Analizė atliekama naudojant penkių tarptautinių tyrimų duomenis, kuriais remiantis konstruojamas požiūrio į lyčių vaidmenis egalitariškumo indeksas. Atlikta analizė rodo, kad Lietuva iš kitų analizuojamų šalių išsiskiria labiausiai tradiciniu ir lėčiausiai egalitarėjusiu požiūriu į lyčių vaidmenis bei lyčių revoliucijos stagnacija. Analizė patvirtina U formos sąsajas tarp gimstamumo lygio ir požiūrio į lyčių vaidmenis beveik visose šalyse. Gauti rezultatai atskleidžia, kad šioms sąsajoms gali turėti poveikį ne tik lyčių lygiateisiškumo lygis, bet ir požiūrio į lyčių vaidmenis variacija ir normatyviškumas
Towards an Inclusive Society: Review of Google Trends Data of User Interest in the Deaf Comparing to the Blind and the Disabled
Full text linkThe COVID-19 pandemic has brought great difficulties for the deaf, the blind and people with disabilities in general, in addition to the difficulties of everyday life. This study aims to examine the public interest in the social integration of the deaf and hard of hearing community during the pandemic and the pre-pandemic period in the context of an inclusive society. The empirical study is based on the analysis of statistical data provided by Google Trends, which is a big data analysis, relative measurement and information visualisation tool that allowed to get insight on gaps and inconstancy of information seekers’ interest within categories of science, people and society, law and government, and health. The study encourages researchers and social policy makers to pay extra attention to the social inclusion of the deaf, which, according to the research data, worsened during the pandemic more than other groups of the disabled
Latentinės nepilnamečių delinkvencijos apraiškų ir tendencijų Lietuvoje tarptautinis palyginimas*
Full text linkJuvenile delinquency is a universal phenomenon inherent in the process of biological and social maturation characterized by high latency. Although juvenile delinquent behaviour, due to its spontaneity and recklessness, is easily noticeable and not difficult to investigate, it is often not officially recorded because it is primarily addressed through means of informal social control. Various studies show that children from disadvantaged backgrounds are much more likely to fall into a network of formal social control. Thus, the registered juvenile delinquency not only makes up a very small part of the total juvenile delinquency but its structure and socio-demographic indicators of the accused are also distorted by the selectivity and stigmatization of social control. However, when analysing juvenile delinquency in Lithuania, it is still common to present only the number of registered cases, to analyse them, draw certain conclusions based on them alone, and even develop preventative juvenile delinquency programs. This situation is partly due to the Soviet tradition, which still significantly impacts the general approach to criminal behaviour, in which the latency of criminal behaviour was considered not as a natural and inevitable but a negative and to be destroyed phenomenon. On the other hand, there are few studies of latent juvenile delinquency in Lithuania. They are carried out irregularly according to different methodologies and do not always cover the full complexity of juvenile delinquency. In the article manifestations of latent juvenile delinquency, its’ structure and tendencies in Lithuania are analyzed, Lithuanian indicators are also compared with the indicators of other European countries. Despite some differences in the structure of juvenile delinquency between countries, it can be argued that delinquent behavior is common among juveniles living in all countries, and is usually mild and episodic. According to the analyzed indicators, Lithuania stands out with one essential difference – frequent bullying among secondary school students in all age groups.Nepilnamečių delinkvencija yra universalus fenomenas, būdingas biologinio ir socialinio brendimo procesui, pasižymintis dideliu latentiškumu. Nors nepilnamečių delinkventinis elgesys dėl savo spontaniškumo ir neapgalvotumo lengvai pastebimas ir nesunkiai ištiriamas, jis dažniausiai nėra oficialiai registruojamas todėl, kad į jį pirmiausiai reaguojama neformalios socialinės kontrolės priemonėmis. Įvairūs tyrimai rodo, kad į formalios socialinės kontrolės tinklą daug didesnę tikimybę patekti turi nepalankioje socialinėje padėtyje esantys vaikai. Taigi registruota nepilnamečių delinkvencija ne tik sudaro labai nedidelę visos nepilnamečių delinkvencijos dalį, bet jos struktūrą bei kaltinamųjų socialinius ir demografinius rodiklius dar iškreipia ir socialinės kontrolės selektyvumas bei stigmatizacija. Vis dėlto Lietuvoje, aprašant nepilnamečių nusikalstamą elgesį, dar įprasta pateikti vien tik registruotų atvejų skaičius, juos analizuoti, tik jais remiantis daryti tam tikras išvadas, netgi kurti nepilnamečių delinkvencijos prevencijos programas. Tokią padėtį iš dalies lemia vis dar reikšmingą įtaką apskritai požiūriui į nusikalstamą elgesį turinti sovietinė tradicija, pagal kurią nusikalstamo elgesio latentiškumas buvo laikomas ne natūraliu ir neišvengiamu, bet neigiamu ir naikintinu reiškiniu. Kita vertus, latentinės nepilnamečių delinkvencijos tyrimų Lietuvoje taip pat nėra daug, jie atliekami pagal skirtingas metodikas, nereguliariai ir ne visada apima visą nepilnamečių delinkvencijos kompleksiškumą. Straipsnyje analizuojamos latentinės nepilnamečių delinkvencijos apraiškos, jų struktūra ir tendencijos Lietuvoje, lyginant su kitų Europos šalių rodikliais. Nepaisant tam tikrų nepilnamečių delinkvencijos struktūros skirtumų tarp šalių, galima teigti, kad delinkventinis elgesys būdingas visose šalyse gyvenantiems nepilnamečiams, dažniausiai jis yra nesunkus ir epizodinis. Lietuva pagal analizuotus rodiklius išsiskiria vienu esminiu aspektu – dažnomis patyčiomis tarp mokinių visose amžiaus grupėse
Social Work with Individuals Having Alcohol Usage Problems: Overview of the Situation in Lithuania
Full text linkThis article analyzes social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems in Lithuania. In this survey-based quantitative research, frequency data was gathered to examine the usage of methods, services, practices and challenges in this specific area. The results revealed a strong orientation towards individual intervention in social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems. Uncommon usage of group, community or network methods was observed in research data. Low usage of social action or social welfare methods might represent a weak policy-making function. Among services, providing information, consultation and representation are the most often applied. Lithuanian social workers also favor social skills development and family consultation in terms of specific practices, as those are the most often used. Finally, professionals acknowledge that low the motivation among clients to change is among the biggest challenges in this field. Improvements in social work with individuals having alcohol usage problems could be made through the enhancement of skills and practices that are the most effective in the substance abuse area, although relatively rarely used in social work in Lithuania
Savanorystė Lietuvoje: komparatyvinis, dinaminis ir vertybinis aspektai
Full text linkAlthough volunteering is not a new topic in social research, many questions about people’s motivation to engage in voluntary activities still remain open. The article analyzes the changing attitudes towards volunteering in contemporary society, the demographic profile of volunteers, their intrinsic motivation and the cultural value orientation that supports it. The main purpose of this article is to identify the impact of main sociodemographic and personal characteristics in people’s decision to volunteer. Data from European Values Surveys (1990, 1999, 2008, 2017) are used for this purpose.
The presented research data provide valuable insights into long-term trends in the development of volunteering in Lithuania, important socio-demographic determinants of volunteering and changing individual motivation to engage in volunteering. As the analysis reveales, although demographic factors – gender, age, education, occupational employment – are important, they only become meaningful when analyzed along with personal characteristics of respondents (such as life satisfaction, trust in people, belief that one is in control of own life) and their value orientations (such as caring, creativity, stimulation, and the pursuit of social justice). In other words, volunteers cannot be treated as a demographically homogeneous group. This means that in order to effectively mobilize people for a specific volunteering activity, it is necessary to take into account not only which socio-demographic groups are generally more likely to be involved, but also the values that are most important to them when planning volunteering strategies and communication. Understanding the determinants of volunteering can serve as a guideline for the development of volunteer-friendly public policies and for properly motivating people to become involved in volunteering, both at the level of the state and specific public organizations.Nors savanoriškas darbas nėra nauja socialinių tyrimų tema, daugelis žmonių motyvacijos įsitraukti į visuomeninę veiklą klausimų vis dar lieka atviri. Straipsnyje analizuojamas šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje besikeičiantis požiūris į savanorystę, savanorių demografinis profilis, vidinė jų motyvacija visuomeninei veiklai ir ją palaikanti kultūrinė vertybinė orientacija. Pagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas – identifikuoti sociodemografinių ir asmenybinių veiksnių įtaką įsitraukti į savanorišką veiklą. Tuo tikslu pasitelkiami Europos vertybių tyrimų (Lietuvoje atliktų 1990, 1999, 2008 ir 2017 metais) duomenys. Savanorišką darbą lemiančių veiksnių supratimas gali būti gairės, kuriant savanorystei palankią valstybės politiką ir tinkamai motyvuojant – tiek valstybės, tiek konkrečių visuomeninių organizacijų lygmeniu – apsisprendimą imtis savanoriškos veiklos
Vyresnio amžiaus žmonės – vartotojiško hedonizmo atsvara visuomenėje? Vartojimo nuostatų analizė
No full text The Lithuanian consumer society is evolving, but we know little about it. On the one hand, previous research shows that it is a survival society that prioritizes functional needs, on the other hand, there are indications that a segment of consumers oriented towards self-expression is forming in Lithuania. Since consumption is both a consequence and a factor of class stratification, it is important to know whether (and how) it contributes to the strengthening of the social otherness of the group. The aim of this article is to find out whether (and how) consumption attitudes of older people differ from those of other age groups in Lithuania and what they are in the context of consumption values. In this study we analyzed the data of the representative Lithuanian population survey TNS Atlas (2012, N = 1847), divided into age groups (15–29, 30–44, 45–59, and 60–75 years). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for the comparison of consumption preferences, post hoc criteria and Spearman coefficient were applied, and the typology of values was used for the analysis of the content of statements. The results of this research showed that consumption attitudes of the Lithuanian population are not highly differentiated according to age, the attitudes of the oldest respondents (60–75 years old) differ little from others. The entire population aged 45–75 is more characterized by a combination of conservative and altruistic-ecological attitudes than the younger ones (18–44 years old), less characterized by openness to innovation and the pursuit of social self-enhancement. Although the differences in attitudes according to age are not bright in quantitative terms, in terms of content, there is a noticeable detachment of the older population from the refined consumer community.Lietuvos vartotojų visuomenė yra išgyvenimo visuomenė, tenkinanti funkcinius poreikius, tačiau yra ir į saviraišką linkusių vartotojų. Šio straipsnio tikslas – ištirti, ar (ir kaip) skiriasi vyresnių vartotojų vertybinės nuostatos. Reprezentatyvios apklausos „TNS Atlas“ duomenų (2012 metų, N = 1847) pagrindu atlikta vienfaktorinė dispersinė analizė, pritaikyti post hoc kriterijai ir Spearmano koeficientas, teiginių turinys analizuotas remiantis G. Wang, W. Dou ir N. Zhou (2008) vartotojų nuostatų tipologija. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvos gyventojų vartojimo nuostatos ne itin diferencijuotos pagal amžių. Vyresniems žmonėms (45–75 metų) labiau nei jaunesniems būdingas konservatyvių ir altruistinių-ekologinių nuostatų derinys, mažiau būdingas – atvirumas naujovėms ir socialinio savęs įtvirtinimo siekis
Demografiniai nuostoliai dėl moterų savižudybių Lietuvoje 2007–2020 metais: socialinė diferenciacija ir iššūkiai psichikos sveikatos politikai
Full text linkIn many countries of the world, including Lithuania, suicide rates for men are several times higher than for women. Therefore, the phenomenon of men’s suicide is receiving a lot of attention in public, scientific, and political discourses. In contrast, much less attention is paid to tackling women’s suicides and women’s mental health problems. Lithuania has been among the countries with the highest suicide rates for both men and women in the world for several decades, but research on the social and demographic aspects of women’s suicide in Lithuania is lacking. This paper aims to examine the demographic losses that Lithuania suffers from women suicides and assess the socio-demographic differentiation of these losses. The empirical part of the study was based on the calculation of years of life lost methodology. The years of life lost method is acknowledged as an accurate measure for assessing the impact of specific causes of death on premature mortality. Data sources for this study were the World Health Organization, Institute of Hygiene, and Human Mortality Database. The results of our study show that the number of years of lives lost due to women’s suicide decreased statistically significantly from 376 [321; 431] in 2007 to 287 [238; 335] in 2020. In Lithuania, the total number of women suicide was the highest among the 80+ year age group, however, the number of years of life lost due to suicide was the highest among the 30-39 year age group. The change in women’s suicide rates was inconsistent and for women, the decline in demographic loss due to suicide was twice as slow as for men. Nevertheless, the number of years of lives lost due to women’s suicide was about 5 times smaller than that of men in 2020. In Lithuania, high rates of women’s suicide reflect the poor state of women’s mental health, which poses challenges to the country’s mental health policy and sustainable demographic development.ietuva jau kelis dešimtmečius patenka tarp šalių, kurių savižudybių rodikliai yra didžiausi pasaulyje, tačiau tyrimų, kuriuose būtų nagrinėjami socialiniai ir demografiniai moterų savižudybių aspektai, Lietuvoje trūksta. Šio straipsnio tikslas – apskaičiuoti demografinius nuostolius, kuriuos patiria Lietuva dėl moterų savižudybių, ir įvertinti šių nuostolių socialinę ir demografinę diferenciaciją. Empirinė tyrimo dalis atlikta naudojant prarastų gyvenimo metų skaičiavimo metodiką. Tyrimo duomenų šaltiniai: Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija, Higienos institutas ir Human Mortality Database. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad nuo 2007 iki 2020 metų prarastų potencialių gyvenimo metų skaičius Lietuvoje statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo nuo 376 [321; 431] iki 287 [238; 335], tačiau moterų savižudybių lygio kaita buvo nenuosekli, o demografinių nuostolių dėl savižudybių mažėjimas buvo beveik perpus lėtesnis negu vyrų
Kodėl emigruojama dirbti senų žmonių priežiūros sektoriuje?
Full text linkEmigration is one of the sorest problems in Lithuania. Emigrants from Lithuania most often fill the sector of unskilled labour in the target countries, one of which is elder care. Financial factors are considered the main motivation for emigration; however, migration is a complex phenomenon and requires a more nuanced investigation. The aim of this article is to analyse subjectively identified reasons of emigration from Lithuania to work in the elder care sector and motivation in choosing a particular country. The thematic data analysis of 13 semi-structured interviews revealed that emigration is motivated by an entirety of reasons: beside financial factors other „push“ (family, health) and „pull“ (knowledge about the country, family formation) factors are important. The move also is facilitated by the chain migration factors. The importance of the economic reasons for migration is revealed in cases of financial insecurity (loss of employment, threat of company bankruptcy, financial difficulties in the parents’ family etc.). Economic considerations become significant again, when comparing the job options and working conditions available to migrants. Work in the care sector for older people is seen as relatively easy, accessible and well paid. Other “push” factors were related to an unsatisfactory life situation, including stressful employment, and unsatisfying family relationships. The desire to get to know a foreign country, the opportunity to start a family or establish oneself there can work as „pull“ factors. The decision to emigrate was supported by the chain migration factors – encouragement, help and support of previously established immigrants. In some cases, it emerged as an independent factor of migration people emigrated, invited by relatives or acquaintances from abroad even though they did not initially plan to migrate.
With the rapidly growing share of older people in Lithuania and the underdeveloped care services, the opportunity to retain potential emigrants by creating attractive working conditions for them in Lithuania, remains untapped. Policies should aim to improve the working conditions and opportunities in the care sector in Lithuania in order to encourage Lithuanians to stay in the country. In addition, regulations to better absorb (returning) migrants should be in place, given the ongoing movement between countries.Emigracija yra viena iš opiausių Lietuvos problemų. Emigrantai iš Lietuvos dažniausiai užpildo tikslo šalių nekvalifikuoto darbo sektorių, vienas iš tokių – senų žmonių priežiūra. Tiriant bendras migracijos priežastis, pabrėžiami finansiniai veiksniai, tačiau migracija vis dėlto yra kompleksinis reiškinys, tad reikia dėmesio įvairiems jo aspektams. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti subjektyvias išvykimo priežastis dirbti senų žmonių priežiūros srityje bei darbo sektoriaus ir tikslo šalies pasirinkimo motyvus. Trylikos pusiau struktūruotų interviu teminė duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad išvykimą nulėmė priežasčių visuma: šalia finansinių iškyla svarūs kiti stūmimo ir traukos veiksniai. Darbas vyresnių žmonių priežiūros sektoriuje užsienyje vertinamas kaip santykinai lengvas, prieinamas ir gerai atlyginamas