Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika
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Globalių veiksnių formuojamo netikrumo poveikis gimstamumo sprendimams
Full text linkThe article discusses the effect of global factors – COVID-19 pandemic, war in Ukraine, climate change – that form uncertainty which affects the decision to have children. The aim is to reveal the impact of uncertainty based on the results of the qualitative survey. In 2021–2022 thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants born between the years 1970 and 1989. The research showed that global factors are not relevant when considering children, with climate change being the least understood and influential factor. However, the uncertainty caused by the pandemic and war, which increased uncertainty and prompted a delay in the decision to have children, had a stronger effect in the beginning and lessened with time. The pandemic was associated with the limited availability of medical services, while the reaction to war depended on personal perception of the direct threat. Older generations being close to the end of reproductive age, and younger generations having the desired number of children felt more uncertain about childbearing possibilities. A critical factor that reduced uncertainty was a strong desire to have children. Possessed information and distrust in public institutions appeared to be also quite important.Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos globalių veiksnių – COVID-19 pandemijos, karo Ukrainoje, klimato kaitos – formuojamo netikrumo dėl dabarties ir ateities sąsajos su gimstamumo sprendimais. Pristatomi 2021–2022 m. atliktų pusiau struktūruotų interviu su gimusiais1970–1989 metais informantais rezultatai. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad, planuojant susilaukti vaikų, globalūs veiksniai nėra labai aktualūs, o klimato kaita yra mažiausiai suprantamas ir itin mažai įtakingas veiksnys. O pandemijos ir karo grėsmės, didinančios netikrumą ir skatinančios atidėti sprendimą susilaukti vaikų, labiau jaučiamos pačioje jų pradžioje, tačiau ilgainiui taip pat silpsta. Svarbus švelninantis netikrumą veiksnys – stiprus noras turėti vaikų
Socialinis mobilumas tarp kartų Lietuvoje: skirtingo matavimo perspektyvos
Full text linkBoth scholarly analyses and main political documents have not focused enough on research into social mobility in Lithuania. Such a case is partly understandable as the issue of ensuring social mobility has never been a prevailing one on the political agenda. This article seeks to describe different perspectives on measuring social mobility between generations in Lithuania and to present their empirical expressions. Intergenerational mobility is understood as the difference between the socio-economic situation of parents and adult children, i. y. a comparison of the person’s current circumstances with those from which the person originated. Social positions that can be compared are usually based on occupational, income, education or other social class or socio-economic situation schemes. This article is based on European Social Survey data from wave 9 and reviews the intergenerational social mobility of 1970-1984 generation in terms of education, occupations, income and health dimensions.. The results show that occupational and educational mobility increases between generations. There has been a significant decline in the number of people with only a basic education and at the lowest levels of the occupational scale. However, there is a lack of data on intergenerational social mobility in health and income. Therefore, conclusions about this mobility can only be drawn from the work of previous researchers. Intergenerational mobility can also be a tool to achieve greater economic efficiency. Low intergenerational mobility may mean that some individuals are unable to realize their talents due to their low socio-economic status. Therefore, in the light of the findings of the study, it would make sense to consider developing a social mobility strategy.Socialinis mobilumas tarp kartų suprantamas kaip tėvų ir suaugusių vaikų socialinės ir ekonominės padėties skirtumas, t. y. asmens dabartinių aplinkybių palyginimas su tomis, iš kurių kilęs asmuo. Straipsnyje siekiama apibūdinti skirtingas socialinio mobilumo tarp kartų matavimo perspektyvas Lietuvoje ir pateikti jų empirines išraiškas. Todėl, remiantis Europos socialinio tyrimo 9 bangos duomenimis, apžvelgiama ,,natūralaus socialinio eksperimento“ 1970–1984 metų kartos socialinio mobilumo padėtis, vertinant ją išsilavinimo, profesijos, pajamų ir sveikatos požiūriu. Rezultatai rodo, kad profesinis ir išsilavinimo mobilumas tarp kartų didėja, nes vis daugiau žmonių pradeda dirbti paslaugų sektoriuje ir įgyja aukštąjį išsilavinimą. Vis dėlto, remiantis ankstesniais tyrimais, mažėja galimybės pakilti profesinio socialinio statuso pozicijose aukštyn vien dėl savo geresnio išsilavinimo. Taip pat trūksta duomenų apie sveikatos ir pajamų socialinį mobilumą tarp kartų, o galimi palyginimai suponuoja intrageneracinio mobilumo tendencijas
In Search for a Bourdieusian Approach to “Gentrification”: Looking through the Radiance of Academic Doxa
Full text linkDespite the potential of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology to advance debates of urban studies, this potential is so far used only superficially. In this article I take arguments from the debate on gentrification as an example to show how Bourdieu’s sociology could help us look through the common sense notions of urban studies. But despite the critique for the debate on gentrification, I argue that we should keep on approaching these empiric locations. They enable us to produce sensitive stories on the effects that social forces have on our everyday lives in cities and – in particular – to show the role that housing policy has in the reproduction of power relations
“It was a Shock to the Whole Family”: Challenges of Ukrainian Families Raising a Child with Autism
Full text link Based on the family-centered approach and a consumer perspective this research examines the overall level of satisfaction with educational and social services of the families raising children with autism or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in Lviv (Ukraine) and the challenges in interactions of such families with services. The survey (90 parents who are social work clients) and individual semi-structured interviews (30 parents) were used.
The findings indicate the respondents’ evaluation of the services they receive and inclusive education could not be qualified as favorable. Key challenges identified within the study are: problems of staff preparedness and lack of information about services; personal feelings of emotional burnout; unrealistic expectations from services; social stigma related to autism and social isolation of parents raising a child with ASD.
It is important for social workers to consider the need to collaboratively create the so-called social routers for families raising children with developmental disabilities during the early stages of family work. Verified information may reduce the parents’ stress and consolidate their efforts, help to avoid dubious treatments that are detrimental to the child’s health and are a significant financial burden to the family
Patirto nedarbo sąsajos su vyresnio amžiaus asmenų subjektyvia gerove Baltijos šalyse
Full text linkIn this paper, using data obtained from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), previously experienced unemployment links to the subjective well-being of older adults in the Baltic States are analyzed.
One of the global challenges faced by a considerable number of countries is the aging of society. Subjective well-being of older adults and its factors are becoming one of the fundamental issues of the research as older adults are becoming a bigger part of society, and it becomes critical to understand what makes their lives wholesome. According to the life course perspective, human development is a lifelong process, and various events, personal life experiences may shape people and their lives. Therefore, it can be assumed that such a significant event as previously experienced unemployment may be related to the subjective well-being at older ages. Thus, this study aims to analyze the links between previously experienced unemployment and the subjective well-being of life of older adults in the Baltic States.
Data obtained from the 7th wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) was used for the analysis (Bergmann et al., 2019; Börsch-Supan, 2020). Two thousand eight hundred five responses of Estonians, 941 of Lithuanians, and 809 of Latvians over the age of 50 were analyzed. The subjective well-being, previously experienced unemployment, socio-demographic, personality, and health factors were analyzed.
Research results show that many factors predict the subjective well-being of older adults in the three Baltic States: sociodemographic data can explain around 11% of the variance of the subjective well-being. Income additionally explains 2%, factors related to a person’s health adds 11% to the explanation, personality traits – also 11%, previously experienced unemployment – less than 1%. In the model containing all the factors, the most important predictor was personality trait neuroticism, and the model explained 35% of the variance of the subjective well-being. The subjective well-being was not linked only to gender and living with a partner. By analyzing the links between previously experienced unemployment and subjective well-being, we found that these links are relatively weak, although they remain even when controlling a range of factors of subjective well-being.Straipsnyje, remiantis Europos sveikatos, senėjimo ir išėjimo į pensiją (SHARE) tyrimo duomenimis, analizuojamos anksčiau patirto nedarbo sąsajos su vyresnio amžiaus Baltijos šalių gyventojų subjektyvia gerove. Analizuoti 2 805 Estijos, 941 Lietuvos ir 809 Latvijos gyventojų, vyresnių nei 50 metų, atsakymai. Buvo nagrinėjama subjektyvi gerovė, anksčiau patirtas nedarbas, socialiniai ir demografiniai, asmenybiniai ir sveikatos veiksniai. Atlikus regresinę analizę, svarbiausiu prediktoriumi buvo neurotiškumas, nedarbo patirtis taip pat buvo reikšmingas prediktorius, modelis bendrai paaiškino 35 proc. subjektyvios gerovės dispersijos. Galima daryti išvadą, kad patirtas nedarbo epizodas gali palikti ilgalaikius neigiamus padarinius asmens subjektyviai gerovei, net ir kontroliuojant daugelį subjektyvios gerovės veiksnių
Pažeidžiamų gyventojų grupių nedarbo situacijos Baltijos šalių darbo rinkoje įvertinimas
Full text linkThe study analyses the unemployment situation of socially vulnerable groups in the Baltic States in the context of the European Union. The analysis of the unemployment rate is based on gender, age and duration of unemployment. Statistical analysis identified the most vulnerable groups in the labour market and those most sensitive to economics fluctuations. The study also evaluated the relationship of economic growth with employment of these groups. The research highlighted that in the Baltic countries, the global financial crisis more significantly affected vulnerable groups, mainly because of the impact of the crisis in 2009–2010. Hence these results differ from the general trend in unemployment rate of the target groups in the countries of the European Union.
Unemployment rate at the EU level did not coincide with similar trends observed in the target groups in the Baltic States. In the Baltic States, the unemployment rate of the target groups started to grow earlier and faster than in the EU countries and it started to decrease much earlier than the EU unemployment rate indicators. In addition, in the Baltic countries, the growth of target group unemployment was significantly higher than the EU average. The fast and volatile growth of unemployment within the mentioned target groups shows that they had difficulties adapting to dramatically worsening conditions in the labour market in the Baltic States. The current pandemic situation in comparison to the global financial crisis of 2009–2010 has a less negative effect. The study revealed that unemployment rates in the Baltic States were close to the EU average. The research results also showed that men and the youth are sensitive to economic fluctuations in the Baltic States. On the one hand, unemployed men and the youth tend to more easily enter the labour market during economic upturns. On the other hand, in an economic downturn, these jobseekers face significant integration difficulties into the labour market and become more socially vulnerable.
It is important to note that long-term unemployed people belong to the most vulnerable groups. People with low skills or qualifications face multiple barriers to labour market integration. Long-term unemployment leads to a loss of income, an erosion of skills, a higher incidence of health problems and increased household poverty.Straipsnyje analizuojama socialiai pažeidžiamų gyventojų grupių nedarbo situacija Baltijos šalyse, atsižvelgiant į padėties darbo rinkoje kontekstą visos Europos Sąjungos mastu. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad ekonomikos cikliškumo poveikis pažeidžiamas darbo rinkoje grupes ypač palietė Baltijos šalyse. Dėl ankstesnės pasaulinės ekonomikos krizės poveikio nedarbo pokyčiai ES mastu nesutapo su analogiškomis matomomis tikslinių grupių tendencijomis Baltijos šalyse. Spartus nedarbo augimas vykstant itin dideliems šio rodiklio svyravimams rodo, kad Baltijos šalyse tikslinių grupių bedarbiams buvo itin sudėtinga prisitaikyti prie kardinaliai pablogėjusių sąlygų darbo rinkoje. Tačiau kur kas geresnė situacija nei ankstesnės pasaulinės krizės (2009–2010 m.) metu matoma per dabartinę pandemijos krizę, Baltijos šalių nedarbo rodikliai 2020 m. buvo gerokai mažiau nukrypę nuo ES vidurkio
Psichosocialinę negalią turinčių asmenų deinstitucionalizacija iš ekologinės sistemų teorijos perspektyvos
Full text linkThe deinstitutionalization of social care in Lithuania started in 2012 after the adoption of the strategic guidelines by the Ministry of Social Security and Labour. The goal of this reform was to improve the care conditions and introduce new community-based services for persons with disabilities. Almost ten years of the reform resulted in only five percent of persons with disabilities who moved to community settings, mainly group-living homes. The slow-motion of the reform, as well as the tensions in the communities, suggests the need for a thorough analysis of the process of deinstitutionalization and its improvement.
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory is applied as a conceptual and methodological tool for understanding the roles of deinstitutionalization agents at different levels, including the Ministry of Social Security and Labour, municipalities, non-governmental organizations, social care institutions, and local communities. All of these agents are involved and diversely interact among themselves during the transformation process of the social care system. The ecological theory provides the necessary integrated approach to the analysis of the process of deinstitutionalization of the social care system at the micro-, meso-, exo-, and macro levels.
Deinstitutionalization and the trajectories of its participants reveal resilient connections with different fields of the ecological system and show that different system components not only represent different systems but become microsystems themselves that affect all elements in the ecological system.
The complexity of environmental systems constitutes the basis of ecological systems theory. It serves as a lens to guide the analysis of the transformation of a particular person’s life in the context of deinstitutionalization. Herewith, it is an appropriate tool for understanding the impact of deinstitutionalization on specific local communities.Pasitelkiant Bronfenbrennerio ekologinės sistemų teorijos mikro-, egzo-, mezo-, makro- chronolaukus straipsnyje analizuojami skirtingiems lygmenims atstovaujančių deinstitucionalizacijos dalyvių (Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos, savivaldybių, nevyriausybinių organizacijų, socialinės globos institucijų ir vietos bendruomenių) vaidmenys socialinės globos sistemos pertvarkos procese ir jų sąveikos ypatumai. Ši teorija suteikia sisteminę prieigą socialinės globos sistemos deinstitucionalizacijos analizei: deinstitucionalizacijos ir joje veikiančių dalyvių veikimo trajektorijos atskleidžia kuriamas sąsajas su skirtingais ekologinės sistemos laukais ir parodo, kad skirtingos sistemos sudedamosios dalys ne tik atstovauja skirtingoms sistemoms, bet ir pačios tampa mikrosistemomis, kurios daro įtaką visoms ekologinės sistemos grandims
Didžiųjų duomenų ir dirbtinio intelekto technologijų pritaikymo galimybių viešojo valdymo srityje ir socialinėje politikoje analizė
Full text linkThis interdisciplinary article presents a concept of the 21st century and phenomena that are products of the 4th industrial revolution – big data and Artificial Intelligence technologies – as well as the opportunities of their application in public governance and social policy. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of big data, problems of data collection, its reliability and use. Big data can be used for the analysis and modeling of phenomena relevant to public governance and social policy. Big data consist of three main types: a) historical data, b) present data with little delay, c) prognostic data for future forecasting. The following categories of big data can be defined as: a) data from social networks, b) traditional data from business systems, c) machine-generated data, such as water extraction, pollution, satellite information. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of big data. There are big data challenges such as data security, lack of cooperation in civil service and social work, in rare situations – data fragmentation, incompleteness and erroneous issues, as well as ethical issues regarding the analysis of data and its use in social policy and social administration.
Big data, covered by Artificial Intelligence, can be used in public governance and social policy by identifying “the hot spots” of various phenomena, by prognosing the meanings of variables in the future on the basis of past time rows, and by calculating the optimal motion of actions in the situations where there are possible various alternatives. The technologies of Artificial Intelligence are used more profoundly in many spheres of public policy, and in the governance of COVID-19 pandemics too.
The substantial advantages of the provided big data and Artificial Intelligence are a holistic improvement of public services, possibilities of personalization, the enhancement of citizen satisfaction, the diminishing of the costs of processing expenditure, the targeting of adopted and implemented decisions, more active involvement of citizens, the feedback of the preferences of policy formation and implementation, the observation of social phenomenas in real time, and possibilities for more detailed prognosing.
Challenges to security of data, necessary resources and competences, the lack of cooperation in public service, especially rare instances of data fragmentation, roughness, falseness, and ethical questions regarding data analysis and application can be evaluated as the most significant problems of using big data and Artificial Intelligence technologies.
Big data and their analytics conducted using Artificial Intelligence technologies can contribute to the adequacy and objectivity of decisions in public governance and social policy, effectively curbing corruption and nepotism by raising the authority and confidence of public sector organizations in governance, which is so lacking in the modern world.Šiame tarpdisciplininiame straipsnyje pateikiama XXI amžiaus ketvirtosios pramonės revoliucijos fenomenų – didžiųjų duomenų ir dirbtinio intelekto technologijų – samprata ir aptariamos jų naudojimo viešojo valdymo srityje ir socialinėje politikoje galimybės, nagrinėjami didžiųjų duomenų pranašumai ir trūkumai, jų rinkimo, patikimumo ir naudojimo problemos. Didieji duomenys gali būti naudojami su viešuoju valdymu ir socialine politika susijusių reiškinių analizei ir jiems modeliuoti. Didieji duomenys apima tris duomenų tipus: a) istorinius duomenis, b) dabarties duomenis su mažu pavėlavimu, c) prognostinius duomenis ateičiai prognozuoti. Galima apibrėžti šias didžiųjų duomenų kategorijas: a) duomenis iš socialinių tinklų, b) valdymo sistemų duomenis, c) mašinų generuojamus duomenis, pavyzdžiui, vandens gavybos, užterštumo, palydovų informaciją. Straipsnyje yra analizuojami didžiųjų duomenų pranašumai ir trūkumai. Galimi tokie didžiųjų duomenų iššūkiai, kaip antai: duomenų saugumas, bendradarbiavimo stoka valstybės tarnyboje, labai retai nutinkančios situacijos, duomenų fragmentacija, nebaigtumas ir klaidingumas, etiniai duomenų analizės ir naudojimo viešojo valdymo srityje ir socialinėje politikoje klausimai. Didieji duomenys ir jų analizė naudojant dirbtinio intelekto technologijas gali prisidėti prie viešojo valdymo ir socialinės politikos sprendimų adekvatumo ir objektyvumo, veiksmingai pažaboti korupciją ir nepotizmą didinant viešojo sektoriaus organizacijų autoritetą ir pasitikėjimą valdžia, o jo šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje taip trūksta