Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika
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Šeima kaip privatinės teisės institutas ir esminis viešosios teisės integralumo veiksnys
Get PDFIn light of the theoretical meaning attributed to the correlation of public and private law, the article is seeking to consider social moral statements on the legal regulation of the institution of family. There is an incorrectly interpreted and therefore criticized thesis that describes the legal neutrality of the State, on the basis of which the creation of a family is an absolutely autonomic matter of two private subjects; as a result, the State cannot dictate any ideal model of the family. In this study, it is proved that such position is based on an uncritical comprehension of the difference between Law and Morality and the rejection of their common universal values. In the article, it is argued that the liberal doctrine of Law based on social collective ethic statements is unavoidably presumed as the imperative of public Law, of the unavoidably unique nature ofan individual and also his rights for equality and freedom of choice. This way, it is demonstrated that the competence of private Law to protect free agreements of individuals is achieved not by their individual disposition, but by the collective being of the society. By taking into account the common origins of freedom and the equality of a society’s members, the main procreative function of the family institution is considered,a function which is also required by the community’s identity as a striving of the society for survival in history. It is shown that the state, as it patronizes different-sex marriages, does not simultaneously neglect an individual’s freedom of choice, but, on the contrary, the freedom of choice receives meaningful content that follows the common universal values for both Law and Morality. This article claims that the wish toweaken the social importance of traditional family is dangerous, since it fractures the main source of social integration models – the traditional family.Straipsnyje, pateikiant teorinį viešosios ir privatinės teisės santykio aiškinimą, siekiama pažvelgti į visuomenės moralines nuostatas dėl šeimos instituto teisinio reguliavimo. Kritikuojama nekorektiškai aiškinama valstybės teisinio neutralumo tezė, pagal kurią, šeimos kūrimas yra visiškai autonominis privačių subjektų reikalas, ir todėl valstybė negali piršti kokio nors šeimos idealo. Parodoma, kad tokia pozicija remiasi nekritišku teisės ir moralės skyrimu, teisei ir moralei bendrų universalių vertybių neigimu. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad liberaliojoje teisės doktrinoje, remiantis visuomenės kolektyvinėmis etinėmis nuostatomis, neišvengiamai preziumuojama kaip viešosios teisės imperatyvas individo unikali prigimtis, jo teisės į lygybę ir pasirinkimo laisvę. Tokiu būdu parodoma, kad privatinės teisės kompetenciją ginti individų laisvą susitarimą lemia ne jų individuali gamtinė, bet visuomeninė kolektyvinė būtis. Remiantis visuomenės narių laisvės ir lygybės bendruomenine kilme, nagrinėjama šeimos instituto pagrindinė prokreacinė funkcija, kurios reikalauja bendruomeninis identitetas (bendruomenės siekis išlikti istorijoje). Parodoma, kad, valstybei proteguojant skirtingų lyčių santuokas, ne paneigiama individų pasirinkimo laisvė, bet, atvirkščiai, pasirinkimo laisvei suteikiamas prasmingas turinys, kuris išplaukia iš universalių vertybių, bendrų teisei ir moralei. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad siekis sumenkinti tradicinės šeimos socialinę svarbą yra grėsmingas, nes pažeidžia pagrindinį socialinės integracijos modelių šaltinį – tradicinę šeimą
Jaunimo dalyvavimas politikoje: Lietuvos atvejis
Get PDFThe goal of this paper is to analyze the political participation of youth in Lithuania. Political participation can be analyzed in different ways; in this work, the institutional structure of participation is analyzed. We use the rational choice neoinstitutionalism as a tool for the conceptualization of youth political participation. According to Elinor Ostrom, one of the representatives of rational choice neoinstitutionalism, an act ofpolitical participation is conditioned by seven sets of institutions as rules: position rules, boundary rules, choice rules, aggregation rules, information rules, payoff rules and scope rules. These are the elements of institutional structure of youth political participation in Lithuania that were analyzed. The institutions are written in legislation. The selected legislation was qualitatively analyzed using the software MaxQda 12.The results were grouped according with the seven sets of institutions that determine the actions of actors in an action arena. It can be said that there are opportunities for youths to participate in politics and policy implementation process. However, the main function of the youth is to provide information for policy makers. There are direct ways to get the opinion of youth related to certain policies – surveys, legislative initiatives, and indirect ways through collective agents, such as JRT, SJOT and LiJOT. The political participation of youths requires a lot of expenses (especially in human resources, headquarters establishment and management as well as other material resources and access to mass media), but the benefits of political participation are weak.Straipsnyje analizuojama jaunimo dalyvavimą politikoje lemianti institucinė struktūra. Darbo tikslas – pateikti jaunimo dalyvavimą politikoje lemiančių institucijų aprašą. Institucijos yra suprantamos racionalaus pasirinkimo neoinstitucionalizmo teorijos perspektyvoje. Jaunimo dalyvavimą politikoje lemianti institucinė struktūra yra analizuojama remiantis Elinor Ostrom pasiūlyta institucijų analizės perspektyva. Institucijas išreiškiantys teisės aktai buvo analizuojami naudojant kokybinę turinio analizę. Rezultatai atskleidžia, kad Lietuvoje iš esmės jaunimas gali dalyvauti politikoje. Tačiau jaunimo dalyvavimas politikoje nėra pastiprinamas ir žvelgiant pro racionalaus pasirinkimo teorijos prizmę nelabai motyvuojamas – yra daug išlaidų, susijusių su dalyvavimu, o nauda ir pastiprinimas yra menki
Kritinio ir kūrybinio mąstymo sąsaja
Get PDFKritinis ir kūrybinis mąstymas buvo ir yra vieni iš svarbiausių žmonių gebėjimų, jie turi būti ugdomi ir puoselėjami ne tik dėl asmeninės, bet ir dėl visuomeninės gerovės. Dėl koncepcijų ir sampratų įvairovės sunku susigaudyti, kas yra kūrybinis, o kas – kritinis mąstymas. Kartais jie laikomi vienas kitam prieštaraujantys, o kitąkart – turintys jungiančių bruožų ir net tapatūs. Straipsnyje siekiama aptarti kūrybinio ir kritinio mąstymo sampratą ir išryškinti jų sąsają. Tai daroma remiantis kūrybiškumo ir kritinio mąstymo tyrimais, atskleidžiančiais kūrybiškai ir kritiškai mąstančios asmenybės bruožus, mąstymo procesą ir jo vertinimo rezultatus. Užsienio autorių moksliniai atradimai ir įžvalgos papildomi Lietuvoje atliktų kritinio ir kūrybinio mąstymo tyrimų išvadomis, patvirtinančiomis esamą jų sąsają
Disability Hate Crime: The Overlooked Consequence of the Deinstitutionalization of Care
Get PDFBoth disability hate crime and institutional violence are major violations of the rights of persons with intellectual disabilities. This article aims to discuss both forms of violence in the context of deinstitutionalization of care in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe1 and the prevailing high rates of discriminatory attitudes in this region.This paper follows a contextualized approach toward discrimination and invokes predominant attitudes in the societies of the region as one particular aspect of the general context. This approach helps to estimate the potential threats for residents of social care institutions to experience hate crime in the community.Residential care institutions are criticized for high rates of institutional violence; nevertheless, the transfer of residents to community care may expose them to hate crimes in the community. This aspect of deinstitutionalization neither appears on the public and political agenda, nor is it being analyzed by academia in the region. This paper draws attention to important consequences of deinstitutionalization, which possibly have been overlooked by the promoters of deinstitutionalization as well as by the disability policy makers in the region. This composes the originality and practical value of the paper
Šeimos narių patirtis globojant Alzheimerio liga sergančius artimuosius
Get PDFLithuanian society is quickly aging. It is presumed that in 2030 there will be 27 perc. persons older than 60. Aging population is affected by various diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. According to the State Mental Health Centre, almost half of the people between 85-90 years may have this disease, but only1,5 thousand are registered officially. The problem of diagnosis lies in the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease – they often overlap with symptoms of other illnesses and are not easily recognisable. It is found that this disease affects males more often.Alzheimer’s disease, which deteriorates all areas of a person’s functioning, is a continuous stressor, which affects the whole family system. Immediate members of a family have to make a decision related to the patient’s care. Due to the lack of specialised services for persons suffering from this disease, family members often resolve to care for the patient at home. Research (Lemme, 2003, etc.) indicates that caring for the affected family member is often considered the duty of a female member of the family.Qualitative research presented in this article is aimed at investigating specific experiences of a family looking after a person with Alzheimer’s. The data is analysed in the perspective of intergenerational solidarity (Bengston et al., 2001), which encompasses various aspects of relationships between parents and their adult children. Few types of intergenerational solidarity are identified: normative solidarity, defined by mutual expectations and values, which determines mutual duties; structural solidarity, which refers to the factors that enhance or reduce the opportunity for social interaction between parents and children; associational solidarity, which reflects intensity of communication; affectual solidarity, as a degree of positive emotions and their reciprocity; consensual solidarity, as an agreement on values, attitudes, and beliefs among family members, and, finally, functional solidarity, which addresses the quantity of help and exchange that takes place between the family members. Despite some criticism of this approach, it does allow to reveal the deficit of psychosocial resources that a family possesses, as well as to identify areas that require external support.Seven participants took part in the research. Five of them were taking care of their family member affected by Alzheimer’s, two (a social worker and a psychologist) were working with persons suffering from Alzheimer’s and their family members. Three informants took care of their mothers, one – of her father and one – of her husband. The length of care varied from two to six years. The average age of informants was 54,2 years. The average age of a family member with Alzheimer’s – 78,6 years. All ethical considerations, including information about the aim of the research, its process and length, confidentiality of data, free choice of interview time and place were taken into consideration.The research yielded the following results: decision to care about a family member at home was often caused by distrust in the official care system, but also by the so-called normative solidarity – the feeling of responsibility for the family member affected by Alzheimer’s. In the process of care, caregivers met serious psychosocial challenges that they were not always able to master independently. One of the most difficult experiences was the decline of personality of a family member affected by the disease, especially, if he or she used to be a source of support to others earlier (as in the case of a parent affected by the disease). Often participants stated the deterioration of relationships with the person and a feeling of “an end”. At the same time, the disease increased mutual interdependence, especially when the person could no longer take care of herself. From the perspective of intergenerational solidarity, this mutual dependence is often caused by affectual solidarity developed during all life. The psychologist stated that this dependence was one of the obstacles to seek psychological support, because the caregiver was reluctant to leave her mother/father at home. Interviews with experts revealed that families needed two types of support – one for the sick family member and another – for the caregiver. However, caregivers themselves did not articulated this need, denied the need for official support and were instead inclined to search for inner resources that would help them to cope with the situation (such as talking to a sister or another family member, a neighbour, etc.). From the perspective of intergenerational theory, the functional solidarity in difficult daily situations was extremely important.Only when the challenges of caring for a family member exceeded caregivers’ inner resources, family members did decide to seek external support. The need for the support “here and now”, when the problem occurs, was stressed upon. However, there are no services specifically designed for the needs of caregivers. Even social workers and other specialists don’t have sufficient knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease and needs of informal caregivers; as a result, family members lack information, psychological support and feel “invisible” to the social service system. In this situation, the functional solidarity, expressed in mutual exchange of support among extended family members was the key factor. Considering possible tensions or conflicts in the family system, such reliance solely on a family support should be considered a risk factor.Due to the limited number of participants, research results cannot be generalised, however, they reveal the urgent need to search for ways to reduce the caregivers’ stress and fatigue, to create opportunities for carers to remain in the labour market and active social life in general.Alzheimerio liga paveikia visą šeimos sistemą. Artimiesiems tenka spręsti ligonio globos klausimus. Nesant specializuotų paslaugų, dažnai ryžtamasi globoti ligonį namuose. Kokybinis tyrimas, kuriuo siekta atskleisti šeimos narių patirtį globos procese, parodė, kad kartų solidarumo teorijos požiūriu apsisprendimą globoti dažniausiai lemia normatyvinis solidarumas ir nepasitikėjimas globos institucijomis. Artimieji susiduria su dideliais globos iššūkiais ir ne visada pajėgūs juos įveikti patys. Tačiau paslaugų, kurios atlieptų specifinius globėjų poreikius, stinga. Todėl Alzheimerio liga sergančius artimuosius globojantys šeimos nariai, nepaisant didelio socialinės pagalbos, informacijos ir psichologinės paramos poreikio, lieka ,,nematomi“ paslaugų sistemai. Šiuo požiūriu didelę reikšmę įgyja funkcinis šeimos narių solidarumas, suponuojantis paramos mainus sudėtingomis globos situacijomis
Ką apie socialinio darbo discipliną pasako žurnalas STEPP?
Get PDFThe goal of the paper was to explore the development of social work academic discipline through the lenses of scientific journal STEPP. The relationship between academic discipline and scientific journal is explained in the first part of the paper. Wallerstein’s theory of academic discipline and Ostrom’s framework for institutional analysis and development were employed in order to justify the relationship between academic discipline and scientific journal. The value of discipline correlates with the value of journal. The methods for journals value measurement are discussed in the second part of the paper. It can be defined by two types of journal value measurement tools. The content of journal is measured through the citing in the first method. The indicators of various journal characteristics are measured with the second tool. The value of journal STEPP was analysed in the third part of the paper. It was taken that the dynamics of journal’s value express the dynamics of value of social work discipline at Vilnius University. The second type of journal value measurement tool was employed. Such indicators as periodicity and the quality of content suggest the rise of journal’s value. The indicator of specificity shows that the journal is dominated by two disciplines – social work and social policy. On the other hand, it is not possible to specify the trend of journal’s value change, according to the indicator of specificity. Overall, the results of data analyses suggest the rise of journal and discipline value.Straipsnyje siekiama aptarti, ką apie socialinio darbo discipliną Vilniaus universitete gali pasakyti mokslo žurnalo STEPP (Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika) raida. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje pagrindžiama mokslo žurnalo ir disciplinos sąsajos tezė. Teigiama, kad žurnalo vertė yra tiesiogiai susijusi su akademinės disciplinos verte. Antroje straipsnio dalyje aptariami žurnalo vertės rodikliai. Skiriami dviejų tipų žurnalo vertės rodikliai: žurnalo turinio ir žurnalą apibūdinantys rodikliai. Trečioje straipsnio dalyje remiantis išskirtais antro tipo rodikliais yra analizuojama mokslo žurnalo STEPP raida. Gauti rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad tiek žurnalo STEPP, tiek socialinio darbo disciplinos vertės didėja
