Respectus Philologicus
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Neoficialieji Vilniaus choronimai – jaunimo kalbos atspindys
Full text linkThe article discusses the formation of unofficial choronyms in Vilnius based on their linguistic characteristics. The study reveals that unofficial choronyms are formed based on three main processes: 1) by deriving from official choronym or their parts, e.g. Fabai (derived from Fabijoniškės), Baltuša (from Baltupiai); 2) by using a named place as the basis, e.g. Bomžynas (Naujininkai): bomžynas (LKŽŽ 90) “where poor people live”), Lušnynas (Kirtimai): lūšnynas (“refers to many dilapidated houses in the district”); and 3) by combining an official choronym with a named place, like Fabibiškės (derived from Fabijoniškės) ← Fabi[jon]iškės + bibi[s], and Seilėtekis (from Saulėtekis) ← S[au]lėtekis + seilė. The trends in the spoken language of young people demonstrate a tendency to use short forms of the official name-based choronyms, reflecting principles of language economy. The largest subgroup in terms of numbers is motivated unofficial choronyms, accounting for 56% of the examples. Another aspect important in the development of new names is the need to give names and imbue them with emotional and expressive qualities. Names based on associations make a smaller proportion (36%), while the third group is the least common (8%).Straipsnyje aptariami neoficialieji Vilniaus choronimai pagal jų sudarymo būdus. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad neoficialieji choronimai jaunimo kalboje sudaromi remiantis: 1) oficialiuoju choronimu (ar jo dalimi), plg. Fabai (Fabijoniškės), Baltuša (Baltupiai); 2) pavadinama vieta, plg. Bomžynas (Naujininkai): bomžynas (LKŽŽ, p. 90) ‘gyvena nepasiturintys žmonės’), Lušnynas (Kirtimai): lūšnynas (‘mikrorajone daug apgriuvusių namų’) ir 3) oficialiuoju choronimu ir pavadinama vieta, plg. Fabibiškės (Fabijoniškės) ← Fabi[jon]iškės + bibi[s], Seilėtekis (Saulėtekis) ← S[au]lėtekis + seilė. Jaunimo kalboje linkstama vartoti oficialiojo pavadinimo pagrindu sudaromų choronimų trumpąsias formas, atspindinčias kalbos ekonomijos dėsnius, nes kiekybiškai gausiausią pogrupį sudaro motyvuotieji neoficialieji choronimai, apimantys 56 % choronimų. Kitas reiškinys, svarbus sudarant naują pavadinimą, – poreikis suteikti pavadinimams emocinį, ekspresyvų atspalvį. Tai rodo asociacinio pagrindo pavadinimai, kurių užfiksuota mažiau – 36 %, ir kiti pavadinimai, apimantys 8 % visų neoficialiųjų choronimų
Ukrainian Poetic Sixties: Mykola Kholodnyi’s Creative Individuality
Full text linkThe article is devoted to the little-studied Ukrainian poet of the sixties, dissident M. Kholodnyi, his creative style, analysis of motifs, images, and symbols of lyrical heritage, and the phenomenon of creative individuality. Socio-political reflection of Ukrainian tragedies, the role of the artist and his work singled out among the motifs of his poetry. There are images of famous Ukrainian writers who are carriers of the code of national memory and help to shape the national consciousness of future generations. A separate block constitutes his intimate lyric poetry reflecting the various facets of the spiritual and corporeal together with emotions ranging from romantic to deeply sensual. It is noted that among the writers of the 60s generation, his poetry is distinguished by the presence of sharp satire and tragedy in depicting paradoxical and absurd Soviet reality
„… chroń mnie panie od pogardy, przed nienawiścią strzeż mnie boże”. Kiedy słowa wyrażają pogardę
Full text linkThe article is devoted to the concept of contempt, understood as a feeling of disrespect and aversion and a sense of superiority towards someone towards whom our contempt is directed. It is an emotion of a social nature, winding up a spiral of hatred. Contempt presupposes the speaker’s superiority, who considers himself superior to the person/group of people he is speaking to. I treat the rhetoric of contempt as an element of verbal aggression, which is sometimes expressed through various linguistic means. Here I would like to show how words change their meaning and start to express contempt and hatred towards another human being. Referring to the determinants of hate speech indicated by Michał Głowiński (ruthlessness of reason, objectification of the „hero” of the statement, dichotomy of values, conspiracy view of reality, arbitrariness of assessments and depersonalized sender), I indicate why the use of the term LGBT ideology is such an immoral way of using language. Language analyses focus on statements from public discourse – they were taken primarily from Internet portals and social media.Artykuł poświęcony jest pojęciu pogardy rozumianemu jako uczucie braku szacunku i niechęci oraz poczucia wyższości w stosunku do kogoś, w kierunku kogo skierowana jest nasza pogarda. Jest to emocja o charakterze społecznym, nakręcająca spiralę nienawiści. Pogarda zakłada wyższość nadawcy, który uważa się za kogoś lepszego niż osoba/ grupa osób, do której mówi. Retorykę pogardy traktuję jako element agresji werbalnej, która wyrażana bywa za pomocą różnych środków językowych. Tu chciałabym pokazać, jak słowa zmieniają swoje znaczenie, przez co zaczynają wyrażać pogardę i nienawiść do drugiego człowieka. Nawiązując do wskazanych przez Michała Głowińskiego wyznaczników mowy nienawiści (bezwzględność racji, uprzedmiotowienie „bohatera” wypowiedzi, dychotomia wartości, spiskowe widzenie rzeczywistości, arbitralność ocen oraz zdepersonifikowany nadawca), wskazuję, dlaczego używanie sformułowania ideologia LGBT jest właśnie takim nietycznym sposobem używania języka. Analizy językowe koncentrują się na wypowiedziach z dyskursu publicznego – zostały zaczerpnięte przede wszystkim z portali internetowych oraz mediów społecznościowych
Subtitling Neapolitan Dialect in “My Brilliant Friend”: Linguistic Choices and Sociocultural Implications in the Screen Adaptation of Elena Ferrante’s Best-selling Novel
Full text linkIn the screen adaptation of Elena Ferrante’s best-selling novel “My Brilliant Friend”, the first foreign language co-production of the American pay-cable network HBO with the Italian public broadcaster RAI, as a specific requirement of the American producers, the Italian of the main characters has been transformed into Neapolitan, a thick regional dialect mostly appropriate to tell the story of a life-long friendship on the backdrop of the 1950s poor outskirts of Naples, the main city of southern Italy. Starting from some background theories of cultural aspects of translation together with audiovisual translation, the aim of this presentation is that of analysing how English subtitlers have faced the translation of the dialectal elements in such a culture-bound audiovisual text and to what extent their choices depend on those made by Italian subtitlers, then discussing about the sociocultural implications of the solutions adopted. The data have been organized and presented with reference to the extralinguistic and the intralinguistic levels (in terms of syntactical, lexico-semantic and crosscultural pragmatic elements)
Dialogue with the Bible in the Poetical Dramas by Lesya Ukrainka: Philosophical Reflections and Dominant Symbols
No full textThe article posits that the Biblical code is one of the most important pillars in the interpreting the literary works by Lesya Ukrainka, one of Ukraine’s renowned writers. Her verse dramas foreground Biblical intertextuality, which becomes a starting point for intellectual debates in the Ukrainian ‘fin de siècle’ on such essential problems as freedom and love, social and mental slavery, and the mission of art. The problems of (mis)treating the essence of God’s Kingdom and the human relationship with God are also centrepieces of Lesya Ukrainka’s dialogicality with the Bible. In the writer’s verse dramas, the explicit and implicit Biblical intertexts specify the active double-voiced discourse, which exhibits an interaction of the different consciousnesses. Following this, the text of the Scriptures provides the background for the dominant symbols (harp, stone and light) that can be actualized by the informed reader both through the allusions and via the reminiscences in Lesya Ukrainka’s dramatum
Contemporary Russian Literature in Latvia: Children’s Literature
Full text linkThroughout the 20th century, Russian children’s literature in Latvia was a unique phenomenon. Against the background of the general trends of Soviet children’s literature, Latvian children’s literature (in both Latvian and Russian) developed in a space that was less constrained in respect of ideological censorship. 21st century children’s literature in Latvia is developing both taking into account the previous history and current trends. The article is devoted to the specific features of children’s literature in Russian, taking into account the general status of the Russian language as a foreign language and general trends in the socio-cultural space of Latvia. The study considers two main issues. First, it is a sociological analysis of the situation: an assortment of children’s books, the specifics of the school programme, awareness of contemporary Latvian and Russian children’s literature. On the other hand, the corpus of texts of contemporary children’s literature is studied, and an overview of the oeuvre of contemporary Latvian authors is presented. The material for literary analysis was the book by Vladimir Novikov, “The Mischief of the Obedient Martins”. In the course of the analysis, the specifics of the traditional children’s story, the cultural and historical context of the cross-border identity of the author and his potential readers, the specifics of the contemporary narrative, the identification of the concept “one’s own – other’s” were revealed
Dėl bendrašaknių lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžių su priesagomis -(i)acija ir -imas
Full text link The article discusses common root nouns of the Lithuanian language with the ending of foreign origin -(i)acija and the suffix of Lithuanian origin -imas. The study, which was based on the analysis of 406 Lithuanian words, revealed that some of the words with -(i)acija form a derivational opposition with verbs; therefore, they should be considered derivatives and that quite often, the -(i)acija derivatives form pairs of derivative synonyms with the -imas(is) verb abstracts. The meanings of nouns, and especially the examples of usage found in the corpora, have shown that in many cases, common root derivatives with -(i)acija and -imas(is) are partial synonyms: they have semantic and valency differences that are neutralized only in certain word combinations; hence, it is impossible to talk about the possibilities of substitution without restrictions. Sometimes the members of pairs of derivative synonyms differ stylistically (for example, the -(i)acija derivatives are terms); often, the frequency of use of common root derivatives also differs. It is believed that in the sources of the lexicography of the current Lithuanian language, some used derivatives or their new meanings should appear (for example, komunikavimas ‘communication’, mutavimas ‘mutation’, vulgarizavimas ‘vulgarization’ and their base verbs).Straipsnyje aptariami bendrašakniai lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžiai, turintys svetimos kilmės baigmenį -(i)acija ir lietuvių kilmės priesagą -imas. Tyrimas, kuriame remiamasi 406 lietuviškų žodžių analize, atskleidė, kad dalis žodžių su -(i)acija sudaro darybos opoziciją su veiksmažodžiais, todėl (sinchronijos požiūriu) laikytini vediniais, ir kad dažnai -(i)acija vediniai sudaro darybinių sinonimų poras su priesagos -imas(is) veiksmažodžių abstraktais. Daiktavardžių reikšmės, o ypač tekstyne rasti vartosenos pavyzdžiai parodė, kad daugeliu atvejų bendrašakniai vediniai su -(i)acija ir -imas(is) yra daliniai sinonimai: jie turi semantinių, junglumo skirtybių, kurios neutralizuojamos tik tam tikruose žodžių junginiuose, taigi negalima kalbėti apie substitucijos be apribojimų galimybes. Kai kada darybinių sinonimų porų nariai skiriasi stilistiškai (pvz., -(i)acija vediniai yra terminai), neretai skiriasi ir bendrašaknių vedinių vartojimo dažnumas. Manoma, kad dabartinės lietuvių kalbos leksikografijos šaltiniuose turėtų atsirasti kai kurie realiai vartojami vediniai ar naujos jų reikšmės (komunikavimas, mutavimas, vulgarizavimas ir jų pamatiniai veiksmažodžiai), reikėtų dažniau nurodyti ir realiai vartojamas -imas vedinių sangrąžines formas
Mutation of Dystopian Identity in the Age of Posthumanism: Literary Speculations
Full text linkDystopia, while deconstructing utopian ideas, generates a special type of identity as the consequence of a deviation from anthropocentric principles, crises of national and cultural worldviews, and manifestations of social shifting in a posthumanist world. The article focuses on four symptomatic dystopian texts – George Orwell’s “Nineteen Forty-Eight”, Ray Bradbury’s “Fahrenheit 451”, Ahmed K. Towfik’s “Utopia”, and Salman Rushdie’s “Quichotte” – to explicate the dichotomous nature of the opposition of identity vs society in posthumanist transformations. Those conditions are considered a cause of the mutation of dystopian identity that troubles its anthropological bases and modes of existence. To reconstruct the posthumanist context and its influence on the dystopian identities in the selected novels, this study has exploited a mixture of the following methods: intertextual, cultural, and genre ones; phenomenological approach; hermeneutic interpretation; conceptualisation, etc. The novelty of the study emanates from the very attempt to interpret the writers’ names of the AGEs represented in the books as a background of storytelling and a lens through which the posthumanist space is transformed from a dystopian perspective
Modal Verb “Shall” in Contemporary American English: A Corpus-Based Study
Full text linkThis paper explored the modal verb shall in formal and informal writings in academic and fiction registers. It focused on the frequencies of shall across academic and fiction domains in contemporary American English and the differences in the usage of shall between academic and fiction registers of contemporary American English. The researchers used a corpus linguistic method. Data were collected from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and analysed using Hanks’ (2004) Corpus Pattern Analysis technique. All occurrences of shall in academic and fiction writing styles of COCA were retrieved, and 400 concordance lines consisting of 200 texts from each domain were collected. The texts were analysed and described in accordance with their syntactic, stylistic, and semantic characteristics. Results showed that shall was rare in COCA’s academic and fiction registers as the overall frequencies were 59.77 and 68.34 words per million, respectively. From all the 400 tokens being analysed, the researchers found that shall in the observed data could be classified as rules and regulations, direction, prediction, volition, and etc. The uses of shall in both domains in COCA varied syntactically, semantically, and stylistically
Compressed Informativeness in Polish Legal Text
Full text linkThe present paper focuses on one of the main features of legal communication, namely informativeness. The article presents the informativeness of Polish legislative documents as an inherent but not always clearly understood socially feature of legal discourse, which has been regarded as a distinctive characteristic of normative acts. The study includes several levels of approximate semiotisation in relation to the cognitive criterion. The corpus comprises the most important Polish normative texts, namely the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Criminal Code, Civil Code, and the Code of Civil Procedure. The analysis also included rulings of Polish common courts. Pragmatic and semantic criterion has been applied as the methodological basis for the analysis. The factor related to the use of legislative metaphors in executive and judicial practice was applied as an additional criterion. The aim of the paper was to determine the form of informativeness of the Polish legal texts and its extra-textual usefulness. Two levels of informativeness of legal texts, surface level and deep level, were established in the analysis. In legal discourse, informativeness took the form of a specific phenomenon. It referred not only to surface structures, but also to the elements of the content, requiring reconstruction from their meaning