Respectus Philologicus
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Trumpalaikių neigiamų jausmų kaita pagal neprototipinį scenarijų krikščioniškos etikos sferoje
No full textCognitive linguistics employs the terms of image schemas or some recurrent procedures of thinking related to the movements of the human body, manipulation of things or perceptional interactions. in a specific situation, the image schema enables certain cognitive procedures; it can be considered as an instruction: "How should I conceive the world in which I live and how should I behave in it?" It is difficult to define properly the number of such schemas (perhaps more than ten). The most recurrent schemas are as follows: CONTAINER, SOURCE -PATH-GOAL, BALANCE, FORCES, CENTRE - PERIPHERY, etc. This article focuses on two of them - CONTAINER and SOURCE - PATH - GOAL attempting to reveal how negative feelings affect (hatred, anger, fury, vengeance) alter. The so-called prototypical scenario of feeling alternation, which implies the destruction of the container, is described in cognitive literature. The article aims at another scenario, which is realised in the sphere of Christian ethics as an alternation of controlled negative feelings-affects.Kognityvinės lingvistikos tyrinėjimuose naudojamos vadinamosios vaizdo schemos arba tam tikros pasikartojančios mąstymo procedūros, susijusios su žmogaus kūno judesiais, manipuliavimu daiktais arba jutiminėmis interakcijomis. Konkrečioje situacijoje vaizdo schema "įjungia" tam tikras pažinimo procedūras; ją taip pat galima laikyti savotiška instrukcija: "Kaip turiu suprasti pasaulį kuriame gyvenu, ir kaip jame elgtis?" Sunku tiksliai apibrėžti, kiek tokių schemų iš viso yra (tikriausiai keliasdešimt). Dažniausiai minimos ir aprašomos šios schemos: TALPYKLA, IŠTAKOS - TAKAS - TIKSLAS, LYGSVARA, JĖGOS, CENTRAS - PERIFERIJA, RYŠIAI ir kt. Šiame tyrime daugiausia nagrinėjami du iš jų, tai TALPYKLA ir IŠTAKOS - TAKAS - TIKSLAS - siekiant atskleisti, kaip kinta negatyvūs jausmai-afektai (neapykanta, pyktis, įtūžis, kerštas, atsilyginimas tuo pačiu). Kognityvinėje literatūroje jau aprašytas vadinamasis prototipinis šių jausmų kaitos scenarijus, kurio esmė - talpyklos sunaikinimas. Straipsnyje aprašomas kitas scenarijus, kuris realizuojasi krikščioniškos etikos dominuojamoje sferoje - kaip kontroliuojama negatyvių jausmų-afektų kaita
Typology of Appearance and "Appearance of Typology" in the Novel "Faserland" by Christian Kracht
No full textLiterary critics described the novel "Faserland" (1995) by Christian Kracht as a narration about the world of brand goods. The task of the article is to analyze the representation of relation to clothes and the body, reflects practices of modern daily occurrence as a whole. The narrator builds a semiotic system consisting of four parts: clothes, things, outward appearance and smells. He regularly finds such qualitative features a trade mark, colour or material of an object, which allows typifying personality with different criteria. The narrator "envisages" meaningful information for himself and modern culture under the codes: the occupation of a person, his/her participation in a subculture, his place of living, inclination to some trade mark, body practices, and improving his/her appearance. The "cult of typology" gradually becomes the interior, ontological foundation of the text. Now, the basic reader\u27s interest comprises invariable passages from one dress-, look-, thing-, and brand-code to the other
Cziesław Miłosz about Reason in the Essay „PiesekPrzydrożny" ("Snoopy Doggy")
No full textThe article considers the concept of reason in the essay "Piesekprzydrozny" (1998) written by the Nobel Prize winner Czesław Miłosz from the postructuralist perspective of deanthropologisation and decentration of the subject. The strategy used in the text analysis is deconstruction. Miłosz speaks about the destruction of the ego cogito in anthropology. He accepts the Nietzschean idea of the metaphoricity of the truth and the impossibility of perceiving the truth individually and by reason. Yet. be does not accept nihilism, attributing it to the sphere of mass culture.
The author of the article comes to the following conclusion: Miłosz acknowledges that the man of the 20th century is dependent on Cartesian cogito. The thinker himself, however, in "Piesekprzydrożny" is closer to St. Augustine than to Descartes
Parody in the Epoch of Remake
No full textThe article focuses on the investigation of parody in the context of contemporary cultural space, more specific, in relation to the apparent prevalence of remakes in so-called "products of the creative process". Therefore, the parody and the remake, while the difference between them lies in the fact that the parody is an ironical alteration of specific works, are analysed from the point of view of a certain type of speech act (game) and its perlocutive function. The source of investigation is works of eminent contemporary writers (e. g., B. Akunin) and anonymous parodies found in humorous Internet portals. Moreover, the phenomenon of the parody is analysed in a broader context, i.e. examples of contemporary political life, mass media, etc. The article claims that not the beginning of the game conditioned by the postmodern attitude of the epoch is realised in the phenomenon called pastiche but a certain way of conceiving the world, which manifests as a protest against the declared system of values and general attitudes
Metaforinis ateities vaizdavimas Didžiosios Britanijos politiniame diskurse
No full textThe present paper is concerned with metaphors used to create the image of the future in the British political discourse “General Election-2001”. The analysis focuses on a) some metaphors used to create the image of the future and its periods (“near future” - “distant future”), b) frequency of metaphorical models used to create the image of future and its periods, and e) correlation of metaphorical representations of future and its periods. The research is based on the cognitive linguistic theory of metaphor first expounded by G. Lakoff but also draws useful insights from other explorations dealing with the prospective function of political discourse (D. Graber, E. Lassan, A . Chudinov, T. Shmeleva, etc.). The conclusion is that the most frequent metaphor models used in portraying the “near future” are war, disease and family relationships in conceptualising the “distant future”– journey, architecture and disease. The results of the study show that the metaphorical representation of the future is that the mass media and politicians use frequent and efficient means in the British political discourse “General Election-2001“.Šiame darbe nagrinėjamos metaforos, vartotos pateikti ateitį Didžiosios Britanijos politiniame diskurse, konkrečiai - visuotiniuose 2001 metų rinkimuose. Straipsnyje analizuojama: a) metaforos, kurios vartojamos ateities ir jos laiko tarpų pateikimui; b) metaforinių modelių, vartojamų ateities ir jos laiko tarpų pateikimui, dažnumas; c) metaforinių ateities ir jos laiko tarpų vaizdavimo koreliacija. Tyrimas grindžiamas kognityvinės kalbotyros metaforos teorija, pirmą kartą pateikta G. Lakoffo, ir kitais darbais, tyrinėjančiais politinio diskurso ateities funkciją (D. Graberis, E. Lassan, A. Chudinovas, T. Shmeleva ir t. t.). Daroma išvada, kad dažniausi „artimą" ateitį perteikiantys metaforiniai modeliai yra karas, liga ir šeima. Konceptualizuojant „tolimą" ateitį vartojami kelionės, architektūros ir ligos metaforiniai modeliai. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad Didžiosios Britanijos politiniame diskurse „visuotiniai 2001 metų rinkimai" ir politikams, ir žiniasklaidos priemonėms būdingas dažnas metaforinis ateities vaizdavimas ir tam naudojamos įvairios priemonės
Povazhenny, Chto Naryazhenny. In Search of the lnternal Form
No full textThe present article, an attempt ata reconstruction of the original internal form of the “non-transparent”paroemiac expression Povazhenny, chtonaryazhenny (variants: poryazhenny, zaporyazhenny), which is found in Russian 19-th century fiction describing folk life and customs, is made. The author of the article confirms the connection of the substantiated adjective povazhenny‘attracted by the means of sorcery’, with a proto-Slavic verb *vaditi l ‘to seduce, to accustom (to evil)’ defined by l. P. Petleva, which, in its own tum, is derived from a proto-Slavic root *ved-/*vod- ( < *y.edh/*uodh-) ‘to lead, to conduct’. The meaning ‘to seduce, to accustom (to evil)’ of this verb developed from the intermediate semantic link ‘make somebody lead you’, which is confirmed by the formal features of *vaditi I as the causative regarding *voditi. For *vaditi l ritual semantic specialisation, connection with magic and sorcery were indicated quite early.
Lexeme naryazhenny, correlating with the vast circle of regional single-rooted derivatives containing references to a wedding ritual, means ‘intended to be a husband by contract’. The research of contextual usages of expression suzheny-ryazheny and the like confirms this semantic interpretation of the second component of paroemia. As a result, the mentioned paroemia obtains the following historical interpretations: “Charmed fiance is a candidate for a husband as undeniable as the one, who has already been approved by the society (family) for the given fiancee”
Darbo jėgos protestai postkomunistinėje Lietuvoje
No full textThis article explores the emergent discourses of labour protests that have accompanied the transition from communism to the market economy. Building on the ground-breaking theoretical paradigm of V. N. Voloshinov and contemporary attempts by Marxist scholars to develop materialist socio-linguistics, the gradual emergence of class-based labour discourses in the new market economies of Central and Eastern Europe is examined. A number of recent labour protests in ex-Soviet Lithuania are examined. The complex articulation of labour identities is charted. Their legitimisation as social actors with “independent” demands in the context of transitional Lithuanian society is analysed through protest discourses. Discourses of labour protest have emerged in contestation and tension with seemingly contradictory attempts to impose a “supra class” ideology. The imposition of both neo-liberal ideology, which seeks to exclude organised labour from an independent role in civil society, and at the same time, the cultivation of the language of social partnership, which seeks to incorporate labour in national tripartite structures, are complementary attempts to forestall the emergence of more radical class-based discourses. The emergence of dialogic discourses between labour and capital and the forms of their social resonance reveals much about the current limits of labour protest in the new market economies. Such discourses also reveal many possible future forms of labour contestation as the new market economies of Central and Eastern Europe are incorporated into the newly enlarged European Union
Prisikėlimas Ciprijono Norwido kūryboje
No full textThe article presents the analysis of Norwid’s views on resurrection in the context of eschatological notions of romanticism. The article maintains that Norwid’s concept of man’s final destination is based on theological ideas of Providence, free will, Incarnation, history of salvation and Communion of Saints. The resurrection of man is closely connected with the ultimate aims of history and human culture because the moral growth of man is continued after death in purgatory and is bound up with the idea of compensation and credit. Moral progress in history is achieved by people thanks to different kinds of incarnations, such as work, art, science, and martyrdom. According to Norwid, the term “incarnation” means turning one’s ideas into action on the pattern of incarnated and crucified Christ. The poet managed to incorporate the romantic notion of progress into the biblical history of salvation.
As for the notion of a resurrected body, Norwid ignored official post-scholastic theology, which promoted the idea of soul-body dualism. He referred to the biblical idea of the whole person being resurrected and Saint Paul’s notion of the “spiritual body”. A division between soul and body does not make sense to Norwid, who equated the resurrected body with the very essence of the human soul. According to the poet, the resurrected body is the final product of the moral development of a person.Straipsnyje pateikiama C. Norwido požiūrių į prisikėlimą analizė, kuri grindžiama eschatologinėmis romantizmo sąvokomis. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad Norwido galutinis žmogaus tikslo supratimas siejamas su teologinėmis Dievo apvaizdos, laisvos valios, įsikūnijimo, išganymo ir Šventųjų bendrijos idėjomis. Žmogaus prisikėlimas yra tvirtai susijęs su galutiniais istorijos ir žmonijos kultūros tikslais, kadangi dvasinis žmogaus augimas po mirties tęsiasi skaistykloje ir yra siejamas su atlygio ir nuopelnų idėja. Istorijoje dvasinį augimą žmonės pasiekia įvairiausių įsikūnijimų (darbas, menas, mokslas ar kančia) dėka. Pasak Norwido, ,,įsikūnijimo" terminas reiškia idėjų pavertimą veiksmu pagal įsikūnijusio ir nukryžiuoto Kristaus pavyzdį. Poetas sugebėjo įtraukti romantinę augimo sąvoką į biblinę išganymo istoriją.
Kalbant apie prisikėlusio kūno supratimą, Norwidas ignoravo oficialiąją postscholastinę teologiją, teigiančią sielos ir kūno dualizmą. Jis rėmėsi bibline viso žmogaus, kuris turi prisikelti, idėja ir Šv. Petro dvasinio kūno supratimu. Dvasios ir kūno skyrimas Norwidui atrodo negalimas, ir jis prilygina prisikėlusį kūną žmogaus dvasios esmei. Pasak poeto, prisikėlęs kūnas yra galutinis dvasinio žmogaus vystymosi padarinys