Respectus Philologicus
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Chronotop in the Aspect of Semiotics
No full textThe article is dedicated to researching the problem of artistic chronotop, which is one of the most topical in modern philological science. The given category is comprehended from the point of view of semiotics.The semantic field of category time-space, the structure of category time-space, and its role in a literary work are exposed to the analysis. Great emphasis is laid on studying the interrelation of chronotop with other levels of the artistic text and its features as a communicative system. The article investigates the specificity of the interaction between the author, reader, and literary character’s individual times and spaces
Affrication of Occlusive Consonants and Palatalization
No full textThe article focuses on one of the possible ways to express the distinctive feature „hardness-softness“ in Lithuanian and Russian consonants (the increase in the duration of their explosive phase ), i.e.affrication of consonants.The choice of the material and the methodology of the research is determined (I) by the theoretical and practical significance of the problem of how distinctive features of phonemes are phonetically expressed in the related languages and (II) by the fact that the influence of palatalisation on the formation of the stops in Lithuanian has not been studied at large.The carried out contrastive analysis of the spectral properties of the soft and hard stops in Lithuanian and Russian has helped to determine some similarities in the actualisation of the occlusive consonants in both languages and to describe the peculiarities in the acoustic expression of palatalisation in the spectrum of the Lithuanian stops. Contrary to the Russian language, in which palatalisation leads to the change in the way of stop formation, viz. to the appearance of the affricative phase, in Lithuanian, the regular palatalisation can be found only in the labial voiced consonant [b’]. The explosive phase of the palatalised occlusive consonants before various vowels may exceed the duration of the glottal phase of the corresponding hard stop, coincide with it, or maybe shorter. In other words, the stops in Lithanian do not differ in ‘hardness-softness’. The Russian stops [t’] and [d’] are characterised by the most regular and strong affrication. In contrast, for the Lithuanian [t’], (d’], the affrication is not regular ( only in individual positions) and weak (compared with the back-tongued and labial consonants). Positioned before the back tongue vowels, the Russian consonants are affricated less than before other vowels, while the duration of explosion in the Lithuanian consonants rapidly increases before [‘u:]
The Neutral Vowel and the lndeterminate Phoneme (Sprachbund Typology)
No full textIt is erroneous methodologically to identify a set of phonetic features with a unit with a systemic (phonemic) status within a certain language, and even more so, with phonetically similar units (‘sounds’) of different languages. Such a cross-systemic approach to the phoneme is impossible, for the phoneme is a language-specific rather than a universal notion. On the other hand, phonetically similar units in different languages can be the product of linguistically similar contexts (conditions). In this situation, the conditions (contexts) and the units that manifest themselves in these can be regarded as typological characteristics of a group of languages. This applies to the so-called neutral vowel (“schwa”) either (a) limited to phonologically and morphologically weak (phonetically unstressed) positions (non-radical syllables in the Germanic languages) or (b) not characterised by any distributional limitations (the Balkan “schwa”). In the latter case, the phonetically neutral vowel manifests an “indeterminate phoneme”,i. E. the phoneme that can only be defined negatively in terms of (linguistic) distinctive features. Since the contexts in which this phoneme exists are similar in different Balkan languages, and since these contexts may have arisen as a result of contacts of languages where similar processes took place, the indeterminate phoneme (but not the neutral vowel) can indeed be regarded as a Balkanism
Interslavic Borrowings-Polonisms in Russian Office Language of the 17th Century
No full textThe article tackles the problem of the formation of the new Russian literary language in the 17th and 18th centuries and points out some factors that influenced it. They are as follows: the role of office language in that process and the influence of the Polish language, which manifested through the office language at that period. The main emphasis is put on the analysis of the history of such lexemes: okazanje (’evidence, witness, confirmation’), okop (‘trench’), okopatisia (‘open trenches and hide from enemies in them’), pobuditel (a person who encourages somebody to do something), podushchenje (‘the act of encouraging’), postoronnij (‘stranger, foreigner’). The listed lexemes are found in the documents of the ambassador’s order in the 17th century. They prove the intra-Slavic derivatives in the Russian written language of the 16th and 17th centuries to be inter-Slavic lexical borrowings-polonisms
Intonation as a Medium of Individual‘s Perception and Expression
Get PDFThe article is concemed with a psychological aspect of intonation. The intonation parameters and theircombinations convey the infonnation about the psychological state and features of the speaker.
To establish the type of relationship between intonation and psychological features was one of the aims of theresearch. The findings of the experiment enable to state that 1) the listener can perceive the psychologicalfeatures of the speaker with a certain degree of correctness based on the intonation parameters; 2) a definitetype of co “elation exists between certain intonation parameters, a psychological state and psychological features.The carried research singled out 1) the factors determining the listener’s identification of the speaker’spsychological features and 2) the intonation models manifesting the speaker’s psychological state
The Phenomenon of Sincerity in Interpersonal Communication (Based on the English Language)
No full textSincerity as a parameter of interpersonal communication can be researched from different perspectives: cognitive, cross-cultural, pragmalinguistic, etc. The first two approaches are exemplified in the paper based on the English noun sincerity and the Russian isla-ennost and several related concepts. Considering the latter perspective, the article focuses on sincerethematisation in dialogue. The article proposes a multidimensional taxonomy of the contexts of sincerity based on the following grounds: the relevant parameter of sincerity (illocutionary, qualitative, quantitative ); illocutionary characteristics of the communicative move (sincerity thematisation in the form of statements, questions, directives); the position of the respective communicative move in dialogue (prospective and retrospective contexts of sincerity ); the position of the component explicating sincerity in the communicative move (distant and contact sincerity thematisation); participants of the communicative interaction (thematisation of the speaker’s / hearer’s sincerity); additional pragmatic aims of the speaker (altruistic and self-serving contexts). These classifications fall into three main classes: dialogical, syntactical and semantic-pragmatic taxonomies of the contexts of sincerity
Kultūrinės vertybės ir neigiamas mandagumas anglų ir rusų kalbose
No full textThe phenomenon of politeness is universal and, at the same time, is culture-specific. Traditionally, it is defined as respect and consideration for other people. However, this definition does not work in the intercultural aspect as the concepts of politeness, respect, and consideration are understood differently, and even these words have different meanings. In this paper, politeness is viewed as strategic behaviour, a system of culturallyspecific and highly ritualised communicative strategies that maximise harmonious interaction and minimise the possibility of conflict. The present research is mainly based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory (1978, 1987), which gives an effective mechanism for understanding interlocutors’ communicative behaviour. Still, the main emphasis is on the principal strategic differences between English and Russian negative politeness and the attempt to explain them through social organisation and cultural values. The paper gives empirical data on such Speech Acts as Command and Invitation. The comparative analysis was conducted based on ethnographic observation, questionnaires and interviews.Mandagumo reiškinys yra universalus ir kartu veikiamas kultūros. Tradiciškai jis yra apibrėžiamas kaip pagarba ir dėmesys kitiems. Bet tarpkultūriniu aspektu šis apibrėžimas netinka, nes mandagumo, pagarbos ir dėmesio sąvokos yra skirtingai suprantamos, o ir patys žodžiai turi skirtingas reikšmes. Šiame darbe mandagumas yra suvokiamas kaip strateginis elgesys, kultūros apspręstų ir labai ritualizuotų komunikacinių strategijų sistema, kurios funkcijos yra harmonizuoti bendravimą ir sumažinti konflikto galimybę. Tyrimas yra grindžiamas P. Browno ir S. Levinsono mandagumo teorija (1978, 1987), kuri pateikia efektyvų kalbėtojų komunikacinio elgesio supratimo mechanizmą, tačiau didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas esminiams strateginiams anglų ir rusų kalbų skirtumams reiškiant neigiamą mandagumą ir bandymui paaiškinti tuos skirtumus socialine organizacija ir kultūrinėmis vertybėmis. Straipsnyje pateikiami empiriniai duomenys apie tokius kalbos aktus kaip liepimas ir pakvietimas. Lyginamoji analizė atlikta remiantis etnografiniu stebėjimu, klausimynais ir interviu
The Co-Operative Principle and its Maxims as a Translation Tool
Get PDFThe subject matter of the present article is an overview of H P. Grice’s theory of conversation, as formulated in his university publications, and its application in translation studies. The article focuses on implicature based on the Gricean Co-operative Principle and its maxims. The main objective is to show through various examples of translations from English into Polish that such a notion proves to be particularly useful in highlighting areas of difficulty in cross-cultural communication. What is more, it can successfully serve as a tool for the translator who is aware of the fact that any given text should not be considered as a static example of language but as a verbalised expression of the author’s intention, which in turn, needs to be understood and recreated by the translator for another reader in a different culture
Informacijos apie socialistines šalis reglamentacija I-III užsienio korespondentų pasitarimų (1969-1971) medžiagoje Lenkijoje
No full textAfter World War II, one of the more important areas of strict rationing in Poland was the issues connected with the situation within the block of socialist countries and economic integration under the RWPG (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance). The phenomenon discussed was characteristic of all socialist countries acquiring international reach. In Poland, the gradual removal of limitations on press information took place as late as the time between the “Prague Spring” and December events in 1970. A considerable contribution to that was the three first meetings of international correspondents accredited to socialist countries arranged by the Press Office of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party in 1967-1971. Despite popular expectations and declarations made by the authorities, the directives prepared there did not significantly improve the contents of news bulletins delivered by Polish media.Po Antrojo Pasaulinio karo viena iš griežčiausiai Lenkijoje reglamentuojamų sričių buvo klausimai, susiję su socialistinių šalių bloko situacija ir ekonomine integracija į Ekonominės savitarpio pagalbos tarybą. Minėtas reiškinys buvo būdingas visoms socialistinėms šalims ir įgavo tarptautinį pobūdį. Lenkijoje apribojimai informacijai spaudoje buvo žingsnis po žingsnio pašalinti maždaug tarp ,,Prahos pavasario" ir gruodžio įvykių 1970-aisiais. Tai ypač skatino pirmi trys užsienio korespondentų, akredituotų socialistinėse šalyse, pasitarimai, organizuoti Lenkijos jungtinės darbininkų partijos centro komiteto spaudos skyriaus 1967-1971 m. Nežiūrint didelių lūkesčių ir valdžios padarytų pareiškimų, paruoštos direktyvos nepagerino Lenkijos spaudos leidžiamų naujienų biuletenių turinio
Naujųjų europiečių paveikslas Švedijos spaudoje. Valdžia ir solidarumas dienraščių diskusijoje apie ES plėtrą
Get PDFIn times of big social changes, members of a society are anxious about their insecure future and often tend to use the so-called „scapegoat” strategy (e. g.,Resigl&Wodak) and treat disabled people, immigrants and other minority groups negatively. Critical discourse analysis investigates these manifestations in the texts with the help of functional grammar and its ideational aspect (Halliday), where the analysis of the interaction of verb processes and participants allows the interpretationof the results by means of concepts „power” and „solidarity” (e. g. Hodge & Kress). This article focuses on the image of the new EU members as „social tourists” rushing to the country and abusing the social insurance systems in the Swedish press debate while anticipating the EU enlargement in May 2004.Didelių visuomeninių pennainų akivaizdoje visuomenės nariai neretai linkę griebtis vadinamosios "atpirkimo ožio" strategijos, kai nerimas dėl nesaugios ateities verčia neigiamai vertinti neįgaliuosius, kitataučius ir kitas mažumų grupes. Kritinė diskurso analizė tokias apraiškas tekstuose tyrinėja pasitelkdama ideacionalųjį funkcinės gramatikos aspektą, kai veiksmo procesų ir veikiančiųjų asmenų sąveika leidžia aiškinti rezultatus iš valdžios ir solidarumo perspektyvos. Šiame straipsnyje gilinamasi į Švedijos spaudoje prieš pat ES sąjungos padidėjimą 2004 m gegužį įsiliepsnojusios diskusijos metu pateikiamą būsimųjų ES narių kaip „socialinių turistų", užplūsiančių šalį ir neteisėtai išnaudosiančių socialinių garantijų sistemas, paveikslą