Respectus Philologicus
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Politinio komentaro retorika: žanro transformacijos
No full textPolitical commentary is called the genre of evaluative journalism with fundamental indication, the expression of subjective opinion, on purpose to explain political phenomena and to assess it. From the perspective of rhetoric science positions, the most important is the argumentative level of commentary, i.e., persuasive substantiation of author’s propositions with its various forms: from argued reasoning and discussion what brings commentary closer to analytical genre to the usage of manipulative eristic argumentation.This article analyses the comments of political reviewers which are different from published comments in printed and electronic media: structurally they are too fragmented to identify them as traditional comments; they are different from new genre of internet comments as usually they are the product of multidirectional interactive reflection with the content and expression forms that are predetermined by specific communication circumstances. Political commentary is explored as political rhetoric expression form on purpose to identify and reveal the changes of political commentary and to define the factors that inspire them.Politiniu komentaru vadinamas vertinamasis publicistikos žanras, kurio pagrindinis požymis – subjektyvios nuomonės raiška siekiant paaiškinti politinį reiškinį ir jį įvertinti. Žvelgiant iš retorikos mokslo pozicijų, svarbiausias yra komentaro argumentacinis lygmuo – paveikus autoriaus teiginių pagrindimas, kurio formos gali būti įvairiausios: nuo argumentuoto samprotavimo ir svarstymo, priartinančio komentarą prie analitinių žanrų, iki manipuliatyvios eristinės argumentacijos vartojimo. Straipsnyje analizuojami vis gausiau socialiniuose tinkluose skelbiami politikos apžvalgininkų komentarai, kurie savitai išsiskiria iš spausdintos ir elektroninės žiniasklaidos leidiniuose publikuojamų komentarų: struktūros požiūriu jie yra pernelyg fragmentuoti, kad galėtų būti tapatinami su tradiciniu komentaru; nuo naujojo internetinių komentarų žanro skiriasi tuo, kad labai dažnai patys yra daugiakryptės interaktyvios refleksijos produktas, kurio turinio ir raiškos formos yra nulemtos specifinių komunikavimo aplinkybių. Politinis komentaras tiriamas kaip politinės retorikos raiškos forma, siekiant identifikuoti ir išskleisti politinio komentaro pokyčius bei nusakyti juos inspiruojančius veiksnius
Семантическая характеристика зоонимов мотивированных пестрой окраской и узорами на шерсти животного (на примере кличек коров в польском и украинском языках)
No full textThe article presents semantic and comparative analysis of the cattle names motivated by piebald and skewbald colouring and the patterns on the coat in Polish and Ukrainian dialects. The problem is to define the general picture of the colour perception in the minds of the two related language speakers by the means of coloured folk zoonyms. The article presents a brief description of the research in the field of traditional Zoonomastics. Lexical units that image the coloured animal coat concept in dialects are considered. In this article, there is provided a cow names classification based on the lexical and semantic features. A comparative analysis of the Polish and Ukrainian lexemes, from which zoonyms were derived, was conducted in all the groups. It has been found that the similar, sometimes identical, lexemes are used as a base for the derivation of cow names in Polish and Ukrainian; the same motivational component is observed too. The author of the article concludes that the expression of colour perception by the linguistic recourses is quite similar for the speakers of both languages.В статье представлен сравнительный анализ семантического значения кличек коров, мотивированных пестрой окраской и узорами на шерсти животного, в польской и украинской диалектной речи. Сущность проблемы заключается в том, чтобы посредством данного класса народных зоонимов определить общую картину выражения цветовосприятия в сознании носителей двух родственных языков. В статье излагается краткое описание исследований в области народной зоонимики. Рассматриваются лексические единицы, с помощью которых выражается понятие пестрой масти в диалектах. Представлена классификация онимов по лексико-се-мантическому признаку. В каждой группе проведен сравнительный анализ польских и украинских лексем, ставших основанием для образования кличек. Установлено, что в польской и украинской зоонимике для образования кличек используются подобные, а иногда идентичные, лексемы в качестве основ, а также наблюдается одинако- вая мотивационная составляющая. В заключении автор приходит к выводу, что выражение цветовосприятия посредством лингвистических средств у носителей обоих языков достаточно схожее
On the Transitive Object Control into ing Complementation Pattern in Contemporary Spoken American English: a CorpusDriven Study
No full textThe aim of this paper is threefold: firstly, to establish whether the transitive into -ing complementation pattern is productive; secondly, to establish the semantic taxonomy of the matrix verbs taking the into -ing complementation pattern; thirdly, to investigate the existence of a correlation between the semantics and the predicate-argument structure of the matrix verbs selecting the transitive into -ing pattern in contemporary spoken American English in the COCA corpus. Goldbergian construction grammar constitutes a framework for this inquiry, whereby grammatical constructions do convey meaning, irrespective of the words used in them, with the transitive into -ing pattern instantiating a type of a caused motion construction (Goldberg 1995). The results of the patternbased, synchronic corpus inquiry are believed to constitute a contribution to the area of shifting verbal complementation, thus providing further evidence to the validity of Gunter’s notion of Great Complement Shift (Rohdenburg 2006). This paper is structured in accordance with traditional IMRD model
Vyriškumo reprezentacija tarpukario Lietuvos spaudos reklamoje
Get PDFThe analysis of this article focuses on normative interwar masculinity images. As advertising is an integral part of modern society revealing its face, the analysis is based on press advertisements collected from interwar magazines. Hegemonic features such as: a super man, a successful careerist, the man of a family, a hedonistic and narcissistic man were analysed. The analysis is focused on verbal and non-verbal expressions. The results have shown that the image of a super man was mostly related to the body and its size, ability to do a hard work. Main details – classic suit and luxury attribute such as a car usually represented a good social status and described a man as a successful careerist. It was noted that during the interwar period hegemonic masculinity was expressed by self-confidence. It was represented by a hedonistic, level-headed man images. The construct of the patriarch of the family started to be criticized during the interwar period and was slowly replaced by a new image of a careful man and husband.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos 1921–1940 metais publikuotuose lietuvių žurnaluose aptiktos reklamos, kuriose atsiskleidžia normatyvinis vyriškumas. Iki šiol Lietuvoje šis reiškinys išsamiai tirtas nebuvo. Straipsnyje vyraujančio vyriškumo vaizdiniai išsiskiria į kelias grupes. Tai herojiškas supervyras, sėkmingas karjeristas, šeimos žmogus ir malonumais besimėgaujantis arba narciziškas vyriškis. Reklamų pavyzdžiais iliustruojama, jog tarpukario laikotarpiu herojiškumas dažnai reprezentuojamas pabrėžiant vyro kūną ir jo didumą, vizualus jo perteikimas neretai konotuoja vyriškas savybes: drąsą, jėgą, ištvermę. Tarpukario reklamose gausu klasikinius kostiumus vilkinčių vyrų – tai simbolizuoja jų socialinį statusą ir sėkmę gyvenime. Jau tarpukariu kritikuotas neretai hegemoniniam vyriškumui priskiriamas patriarcho vaidmuo, jį pakeitė šeima besirūpinančio mylinčio tėvo ir vyro vaizdiniai. Tarpukario laikotarpio reklamų vyriškiams būdingas pasitikėjimas savimi, kuris atsiskleidžia per savitus narcizo bei maloniais dalykais besimėgaujančio vyro vaizdinius
Tracing the Roots of Cognitive Linguistics in Hermann Paul’s “Principles of the History of Language”
Get PDFThe paper examines the impact of Hermann Paul’s ideas on the development of anthropocentric cognitive linguistics in Russia and Europe. The anthropocentric and pragmatic approaches to the study of language, related, in particular, to the consideration of language as “the language of the individual” and a product of personal experience, were formulated by the German linguist Hermann Paul (1846-1921) in his Principles of the History of Language (1920). In this important work, Paul argues that language development is driven by subjective, psychological factors, acknowledging the Man’s central role in the learning process (anthropocentrism). Viewing Paul’s position from the vantage point of modern linguistics, the article seeks to establish the rightness of the cognitive school in linguistics, provides a brief overview of Paul’s key ideas and concludes that he anticipated and formulated the main principles of the cognitive approach to language, namely: language as a product of individual experience, the role of individual notions in forming a word’s meaning, analogy as a mechanism of language acquisition, metaphor as a mechanism of learning and the connection of language with other mental processes
Prekė, prekyba ir parduotuvė šiuolaikinėje lietuvių literatūroje
Get PDFThe paper analyses how the discourses of a commodity, trade, and shop become, on the one hand, the subjects of literary reflection and, on the other hand, the certain structures of meaning that form the existential and cultural practices moulding the commodity into a form of reality, trade as a relationship with reality, and shop as a kind of a reality genre in the modern Lithuanian literature. Although the history of a commodity, trademark, or other related subjects in the Lithuanian literature have not been traced on the paper, it is claimed, more out of the feeling, that a commodity and the phenomena related to it are more likely to appear in the modern literary texts. The feeling is based on the theory of a commodity and the trade as a model of a certain culture; the theory, starting with the works of Karl Marx, explains the transformations of the art creation and reception in accordance with the demand / supply forces that started to determine the processes of the art in the Western culture from the middle of the nineteenth century. The theoretical core of cultural commodification enables to speak about a commodity as a literary top not as a coincidence, but as a process, which came to be discussed and reflected long before the market economy in the last decade of the XXth century, in the “non-commodity” Soviet political system, as the documents of the Lithuanian Association for Writers suggest. The combination of the archival data, the facts of the modern literature, and the theory of cultural commodification detects the evolving discourse of commodification reflection and its character in the Lithuanian literature.Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip naujausioje lietuvių literatūroje prekės, prekybos ir parduotuvėsdiskursai, viena vertus, virsta literatūrinės refleksijos temomis, kita vertus, tam tikromis prasmės struktūromis, suteikiančiomis pavidalus toms kultūrinėms ir egzistencinėms praktikoms, kurios formuojasi prekei kaip tikrovės pavidalui, prekybai kaip santykiui su tikrove bei parduotuvei kaip savotiškam tikrovės žanrui. Nors straipsnyje ir nėra atsekama prekės, prekinio ženklo ir kitų su jais susijusių dalykų lietuvių literatūroje istorija, tačiau labiau iš nuojautos tvirtinama, jog būtent naujausioje lietuvių literatūroje prekė ir su ja susiję reiškiniai gerokai dažniau patenka į literatūros tekstus nei anksčiau. Šiai nuojautai pagrįsti pasitelkiama prekės ir prekybos, kaip tam tikros kultūros modelio, teorija, kuri, pradedant Karlo Marxo darbais, paaiškina meno kūrybos bei recepcijos transformacijas pagal paklausos / pasiūlos jėgas, Vakarų kultūroje ėmusias lemti ir meno procesus nuo XIX a. vidurio. Ši kultūros suprekinimo teorinė šerdis suteikia galimybę apie prekę kaip literatūrinį topą kalbėti ne kaip apie atsitiktinumą, o kaip apie procesą, imtą – kaip rodo Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos dokumentai – reflektuoti ir diskutuoti dar neturint jokių iliuzijų dėl rinkos ekonomikos XX a. 9-ojo dešimtmečio viduryje, „beprekinėje“ sovietinėje santvarkoje. Šių archyvinių duomenų kombinavimas kartu su naujausios literatūros faktais bei kultūros suprekinimo teorija leidžia apčiuopti lietuvių literatūroje besiformuojantį prekiškumo refleksijos diskursą bei jo pobūdį. 
Три вида этноспецифичности во фразеологии: этнолингвистическая, этнокультурная и этнокогнитивная специфичность
Get PDFThe ethno-specific phraseology – the phraseology which manifests interlanguage differences – is contemplated in the paper considering the phraseology corpora of the Russian and English languages. The popular opinion that ethno-specificity in phraseology is predetermined solely by unique features of the national culture is questioned. The three types of phraseological ethno-specificity are differentiated: ethno-linguistic (ensured by distinctive features of the national language), ethno-cultural (connected with the originality of the national culture), and ethno-cognitive (ordained by the uniqueness of the national worldview). The characteristics of the phraseological units that belong to each of the three types of ethno-specificity are enumerated, and the circles of questions on the ethno-specific phraseology to be studied within traditional linguistics, cultural linguistics, and cognitive linguistics are outlined. The possibility of coexistence of several types of ethno-specificity in one phraseological unit is shown. It is noted that in order to comprehend ethno-specific phraseological units of the three types a different degree of immersion in the foreign linguistic-cultural-cognitive space is required.В статье рассматривается этноспецифичная фразеология – фразеология, воплощающая межъязыковые различия, – относительно фразеологических корпусов русского и английского языков. Ставится под вопрос сложившееся мнение о том, что этноспецифичность во фразеологии определяется исключительно особенностями национальной культуры. Разграничиваются три вида фразеологической этноспецифичности – этнолингвистическая (обусловленная отличительными чертами национального языка), этнокультурная (связанная с самобытностью национальной культуры) и этнокогнитивная (детерминированная своеобразием национального видения мира). Перечисляются характеристики фразеологизмов, образующих каждый из трех видов этноспецифичности, и очерчивается круг вопросов этноспецифичной фразеологии, нуждающихся в исследовании в традиционно лингвистическом, лингвокультурологическом и лингвокогнитивном ключе. Показывается возможность сосуществования в одном фразеологизме нескольких видов этноспецифичности. Отмечается, что для осмысления этноспецифичных фразеологизмов трех видов требуется различная степень погружения в «чужое» лингвокультурнокогнитивное пространство
Jak badać kulturę? Wokół Cultural turns. Nowe kierunki w naukach o kulturze Doris Bachmann-Medick
Get PDFBACHMANN-MEDICK, Doris. Cultural turns. Nowe kierunki w naukach o kulturze. Przeł. Krystyna Krzemieniowa. Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa, 2012. 502 ss. ISBN 978-83-7737-040-
The Primacy of Index in Naming Paradigms. Part I
Get PDFThis analysis highlights semiotic naming differences between pronouns, nouns, and verbs. It capitalizes on the pivotal role of Peirce\u27s Object in assigning names, and the special character of pronouns to hasten notice of Objects. It showcases Peirce\u27s indexical sign as an individuating instrument, by arguing that nouns do not name the Object uniquely. The indexical sign alone forces attention on unique entities. Their capacity to invoke notice of shifting places via pronouns/verbs is paramount.The findings indicate a particular developmental course: a noticed “something,” classified object, individuated sequence of actions. The naming begins with the most pure Indexes (pronouns), then nouns (which draw upon similar features); afterwards, the verbs emerge to name dynamic event profiles. This illustrates the indispensability of index in the naming process. Advances in deictic individuation establish and reinforce joint attentional ventures: co-signers are compelled not merely to attend to the same Object, but to recognize distinctive participant roles in event structures
Būdvardžių vartosenos ypatybės reklamos kalboje
Get PDFThe objectives of the study were to identify the semantic groups of the adjectives incorporated into the advertisements and to discuss the relationship between the adjective usage and manipulation strategy of the advertisements. A total number of 400 advertisements (totally 853 adjectives) have been taken from the newspapers Kauno diena, 15 min, Vakaro žinios and magazines Žmonės, Psichologija tau, Panelė, Cosmopolitan, Autocar, and Keturi ratai.
The analysis revealed that most often the adjectives in the advertisements have the meanings of value, quality, and physical property. The general conclusion of this study is that advertisements in magazines are conveying information about gender differences through their language. The advertisers’ objective is to cater to women and men’s separate interests and their desires. The language used in male advertisements with fewer modifiers seems to be tougher and more straightforward, while the language in female magazines is more colourful. The adjectives used in male advertisements are precise and concrete; whereas, for female viewers – hyperbolised. They usually emphasize emotions, feelings, and femininity.The analysis of adjectives in the advertisements has shown that advertising does not only form stereotypes and images, but as well reflect peculiarities of contemporary world, consumer behaviour, and their specific features.Šio straipsnio tikslas – aptarti reklamoje vartojamų būdvardžių leksines semantines grupes ir paaiškinti, kaip būdvardžių vartosenos ypatybės yra susijusios su kalbine manipuliacija reklamoje. Straipsnyje aprašomo tyrimo metu buvo analizuota 400 spausdintinės reklamos tekstų, kuriuose bent kartą pavartotas būdvardis (iš viso 853 būdvardžiai). Atliekant būdvardžio vartosenos reklamoje tyrimą analizuojami spaudos reklamos tekstai iš 2011–2014 m. laikraščiųKauno diena, 15 min ir Vakaro žinios, taip pat žurnalų Žmonės, Psichologija tau, Panelė, Cosmopolitan, Autocar, Keturi ratai.
Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad dažniausiai reklamoje vartojami būdvardžiai, žymintys vertinimą, kokybę ir fizinį požymį. Pastebėta, kad visų leksinių semantinių grupių būdvardžiai, pavartoti reklamose, gali būti analizuojami pagal adresato tipą: moterims ir vyrams skirtose reklamose skiriasi ne tik kiekvienos grupės būdvardžių dažnumas, bet ir leksinė įvairovė. Dauguma analizuotų būdvardžių gali būti siejami su kalbine manipuliacija. Jų vaizdingumu ir įtaigumu stengiamasi pabrėžti geriausias prekių ar paslaugų savybes; taip pat siekiama parodyti, kokias emocijas gali suteikti reklamuojamas objektas ir kuo gali tapti vartotojas, įsigijęs parduodamą prekę. Vyrams skirtose reklamose dažniausiai vartojami konkrečios reikšmės kategoriški ir tikslūs būdvardžiai, o moterims skirtose reklamose pavartoti būdvardžiai išsiskiria vaizdingumu, perkeltinėmis reikšmėmis, dėmesį pritraukiančiomis hiperbolėmis