Respectus Philologicus
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Gish Jen: Loosening the Canyon of the Canon
Get PDFThe idea of the article is to analyse the complicated interweaving of Chinese and Euro- Atlantic literary tradition in Gish Jen’s writings. Asian wing of American literature is a phenomenon that has declared its existence comparatively not long ago. The voice of Asian American writers was initially not very loud. However, at the turn of 20th-21st centuries contours of American literature began to change due to the influence of a new concept of man and world arisen in the writings of Maxine Hong Kingston, Tamezo Mori, Amy Tan, Kazuo Ishiguro, Gish Jen.
On the one hand, G. Jen’s texts are written by the canons of a postmodern narrative, which implies the poetics of decentration and fragmentation of the text, irony, double code, multi-layered intertextuality. Sternian satirical dispute with literary and scientific works of his time, inherited by postmodern writers, has become one of the brightest distinctive characteristic of G. Jen’s texts as well. Like other postmodern writers, she creates literary and intellectual fabric of the text into which responses to a variety of influential theories and concepts of the turn of 20th-21st centuries are interwoven. On the other hand, the writer develops the tradition of Asian literature with its emphasis on moral and spiritual existence of a man. This tradition sees a man not as a battlefield but an interplay of good and evil. This interplay may not make a man perfect, but it makes him human
Tarp dramos ir postdramos
No full textThe article analyses the transformations of the genre of drama in the context of the postdramatic theatre. Contrary to the affirmations of Hans-Thies Lehmann, the main theoretician of the postdramatic theatre, a text of a drama is not always only one of the elements of the postdramatic theatre. A text of a drama is often the main axis of a performance, around which it is constructed. It is presumed that the postdramatic theory allows a new approach to the genre of drama and encourages the birth of texts that can be called postdramas. The example of a performance of Wartists is aimed to show that the text of this performance can be treated as a postdrama, since it is caused not by a playwright but by a creative collaboration between the director, the actors and the playwright. The result of this collaboration is a text that integrates very different strategies of the creation of drama. There is an evidence of a play with different drama forms: epic, social, documental media, cruelty, Brecht’s theatre, theatre in the theatre, stand up or intermezzo. It can be assumed that drama, which in the postmodern theatre played only a secondary role, becomes postdrama and the contemporary theatre. It renews itself while using the strategies that are common in the postdramatic theatre, which means that it integrates various aesthetics common for this theatre and obliges them to serve as a text.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama dramos žanro kaita postdraminio teatro kontekste. Postdraminio teatro teoretikas H. T. Lehmannas teigia, kad dramos tekstas yra viena iš postdraminio teatro dalių. Tačiau dažnai dramos tekstas yra spektaklio centrinė ašis, kuria remiantis konstruojamas spektaklis. Straipsnyje keliama prielaida, kad postdraminė teorija atnaujina dramos žanrą, o kai kuriuos scenos tekstus galima laikyti postdramomis. Spektaklio „Didis blogis“ pavyzdžiu siekiama parodyti, kad šio spektaklio tekstą galima laikyti postdrama, nes jo atsiradimą lemia ne dramaturgas, o lygiavertis režisieriaus, aktorių ir dramaturgo kūrybinis bendradarbiavimas. Šio bendradarbiavimo rezultatas – įvairias dramos kūrimo strategijas atskleidžiantis tekstas. Jame gausu akivaizdžių žaidimų įvairiomis draminio teksto formomis: epiniu, brechtiškuoju, socialiniu, dokumentiniu, medijų, žiaurumo teatru, intermedija, teatru teatre, stand-up. Galima teigti, kad drama, nustumta į antrą planą postmoderniame teatre, šiuolaikiniame teatre virsta postdrama, kuri atsinaujina panaudodama postdraminiam teatrui būdingas strategijas, kitaip sakant, integruodama įvairias šiam teatrui būdingas estetikas ir priversdama jas tarnauti tekstui
Классификация коллокаций: основные подходы и критерии
No full textThe article deals with the system-oriented and text-oriented approaches to the classification of collocations, which differ in the criteria and the sequence of applied procedures. The developed methodology of collocation identification with the help of statistical analysis of the texts and lemmatization allows extracting the fixed two-word combinations from the corpus of Ukrainian texts automatically. Threeword co-occurrences, mistakenly identified as two-word, homonymy and positional co-occurrence of the words that are not related syntactically present the main problems of the collocation identification and classification. The appliance of the corpus-oriented approach provided the revelation of two-word lexical, grammatical and predicative collocations, which are relevant to the modern Law discourse, observed in the subset of the sub-corpus of the Ukrainian Law Acts. The use of a bigger corpus and linguistically-motivated filters guarantees the increasing efficiency of the results of collocation identification and classification.В статье анализируются системо-ориентированный и тексто-ориентированный подходы к классификации коллокаций, различающиеся критериями идентификации и последовательностью применяемых процедур. Предложенная методика идентифи- кации коллокаций позволяет на основе статистической обработки и лемматизации автоматически извлекать двусловные коллокации из корпуса украинских текстов. Основные проблемы классификации извлеченных коллокаций представляют трехсловные устойчивые сочетания, ошибочно идентифицируемые как двухсловные, неразрешенная омонимия и совместное употребление слов в тексте, не связанных синтаксически. Применение корпусно-ориентированного подхода в данном иссле- довании обеспечило выявление непосредственно наблюдаемых в подкорпусе законодательных текстов лексических, грамматических и предикативных коллокаций, релевантных для современного украинского юридического дискурса. Использование большего корпуса текстов разных функциональных стилей и лингвистических фильтров обеспечит повышение эффективности результатов идентификации и классификации двухсловных коллокаций
Filmų pavadinimų vertimas: vertimo būdai ir problematika
No full textThe translation of fictional work is not simply a substitution of source language characters with the target language signs, but rather a complex phenomenon, related to many social, cultural and communication components, rendering the transformation of worldview. It is also applied to the translation of films and their titles, viewed as indexing signs, related to the content of what might be expected. The complexity of title translation might be compared to the translation of advertisings, commercials or logos. The article aims at discussing the specifics of translation strategies related to the translation of film titles, covering the period from 1990–2010. The study reveals that the strategies of addition, omission, creation, preservation, transference, deletion, localization and transformation were noticable. It was also noted that in order to achieve persuasion, the strategies of transformation, omission and addition can be applied. The modifications of the ST in the film title translation are directly related to the pragmatic strategies of persuasive discourse.Meninio kūrinio vertimas yra sudėtingas, daug socialinių, kultūrinių ir komunikacinių dėmenų apimantis reiškinys. Tai nėra paprastas vienos kalbos sistemos ženklų pakeitimas kitos kalbos sistemos ženklais, bet esme susijęs su pasaulėvaizdžio perteikimu ir jo transformavimu. Šie dėmenys yra aktualūs verčiant meninį filmą ir koncentruotą nuorodą į jį – filmo pavadinimą. Pastarojo vertimas dėl antraštinės pozicijos labai primena prekės ženklo ar reklamos vertimą. Straipsnyje analizuojami 1990–2010 metų filmų pavadinimų vertimai iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių kalbą. Tiriami vertėjų pasirinkti vertimo būdai, analizuojamas pavadinimų vertimo adekvatumas.
Atliktas filmų pavadinimų vertimų tyrimas parodė, kad vertimus galima klasifikuoti pagal šiuos būdus: originalo kalbos pavadinimo išlaikymą, pažodišką (tiesioginį) pavadinimo vertimą, pavadinimo vertimą su praleidimu ar pridėjimu, vertimą su modifikacija ir visiškai naujo pavadinimo sukūrimą. Dažnas atvejis – transformavimas, reikšmės perkeitimas, papildymas. Šios pavadinimo vertimo modifikacijos tiesiogiai susijusios su reklamos tikslais, siekiais sudominti potencialų filmo žiūrovą
Etymologic Features and Peculiarities of the Process of Indigenous Vocabulary Borrowing in American English
No full textIn this study, certain problems of taxonomy and etymology associated with the borrowings from indigenous languages into American English have been solved. The vocabulary of Amerindian and Eskimo-Aleut languages of the indigenous ethnic groups of North, South, and Central America in American English are the research material. After analyzing the etymological sources of autochthonous lexical units in AmE, it has been found that the process of borrowing lasted for five centuries (16–20 centuries). Despite this fact, the most part of the vocabulary has been lost in the absence of nomination objects, substituted by English synonyms or moved into the category of archaisms and historicisms and has not kept its relevance to the English-speaking usage. However, the author of this article has analyzed native lexical units, which are an integral part of the lexical system of modern American English; this fact is confirmed by the necessary introduction of the given lexical items into the register of authoritative lexicographical sources: references, explanatory dictionaries, and special dictionaries describing the lexical structure of modern AmE
Evaluative Language in Lithuanian Students’ English Writing. A Study of ‘Important’ and ‘Interesting’
No full textCritical thinking, as one of the competences to be developed at universities, requires the ability to evaluate. Though different parts of speech can fall under the category of evaluative language, adjectives are among the most frequently used means to express evaluation. The present study is limited to the use of two positive evaluative adjectives in Lithuanian learner English. It aims to analyse whether the use of “interesting” and “important” in Lithuanian students’ writing depends on the text genre, language proficiency, educational institution variables and whether it differs in NNS and NS writing. The data were obtained from the Lithuanian parts of the Corpus of Academic Learner English and the International Corpus of Learner English, the corpus of the first year students’ examination essays written at Vilnius University and comparable native English corpora. The results of the study indicate overuse of “important” and “interesting” in Lithuanian students’ corpora and highlight the different roles that the variables under consideration play in the use of the studied adjectives
Językowokulturowa motywacja mazowieckich chrematonimów funeralnych
No full textThe aim of the article is the analysis of semantic names of the funeral homes coming from province of Mazowsze. Onomastic material includes 88 names taken from the Internet Directory “Panorama Firm”. Analysed names of the funeral home were classified into 7 main groups of meaning. Out of them the most popular are the names arising from anthroponyms in which the name of the company owner is dominant. Also the names of the funeral homes taken from Greek, Roman and Egyptian mythology are extremely popular. Similar in quantity are the names emanating from biblical terminology, which refer to characters and places from the Bible. Less numerous are the names in English, with a strong connotation to death, salvation, or referring to the attributes of the funeral. The poorest group of names are those created from the names of the plants. A look into the names collected a variety of emotions, including: pain, loneliness, nostalgia. The motivation for naming the funeral companies is manifold. The main aim is to apply the right gimmick in the form of a name that will attract attention.Celem artykułu jest analiza semantyczna nazw zakładów pogrzebowych pochodzących z terenu województwa mazowieckiego. Materiał onomastyczny liczy 88 chrematonimów zaczerpniętych z internetowego katalogu „Panorama firm”. Analizowane nazwy zakładów pogrzebowych zaklasyfikowane zostały do 7 głównych grup znaczeniowych. Spośród nich największą popularnością cieszą się nazwy powstałe od antroponimów, mające w członie głównym nazwisko właściciela firmy. Niezwykle popularne są również nazwy zakładów pogrzebowych zaczerpnięte z mitologii greckiej, rzymskiej i egipskiej. Podobnie jest z nazwami wywodzącymi się z terminologii biblijnej, w których czytelne są odwołania do postaci i miejsc z Pisma Świętego. Mniej liczne są nazwy anglojęzyczne, o silnej mocy konotacyjnej związanej ze śmiercią, zbawieniem lub nawiązujące do atrybutów pogrzebu. Najuboższą grupę omawianych chrematonimów stanowią te, utworzone od nazw roślin. Zebrane nazwy kryją w sobie wiele emocji, m.in. ból, samotność, nostalgię. Motywacje nadawania nazw zakładom pogrzebowym są wielorakie. Głównym celem jest zastosowanie odpowiedniego chwytu reklamowego w postaci nazwy, która przyciągnie uwagę odbiorcy
