Respectus Philologicus
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Means of Expression of Epistemic Modality in Russian Political Discourse
Get PDFThis paper discusses the means of epistemic modality used in Russian political discourse. Russian political leaders most often use epistemic modal adverbs and mental state predicates in their speeches for hedging purposes. Modal particles and modal expressions are employed more often than predicatively used adjectives, modal auxiliaries are never used due to the peculiarities of the Russian language. Most commonly used words expressing epistemic modality in Russian belong to the group of modal adverbs. Due to the structure of Russian, groups of particles and modal expressions conveying epistemic modality are analysed. The study reveals that Russian politicians use words with epistemic meanings mainly to convince the listener that the information is reliable, and rarely to mitigate the content of the proposition or to reduce the author’s responsibility for what is being claimed. The cognitive processes help to recognize the ideas encoded in epistemic utterances. Those processes are based on the shared knowledge and understanding of the context
Humanitarika Švedijoje – didvyrė ar tarnaitė?
Get PDF[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
The aim of this research is to analyse the legitimacy problem of the humanities in Sweden. The first part presents the analysis of the arguments for the humanities published in relevant studies, anthologies as well as articles in the most popular cultural and academical magazines in Sweden from 2004 to 2014. The method was based on the Grounded Theory’s elements and had three steps. The result was four big categories of the arguments which also reflected four concepts of the humanities that were prevailing in Sweden. 1) Civic humanities. The authors argued that the humanities are necessary in order to build a democratic society and educate citizens who would be able to think critically and act responsibly. This group of argumentations was the biggest and the most popular. 2) Heroic humanities. It was claimed that the humanities are necessary to face the most serious challenges, globalization, homophobia, Islamophobia, climate change etc. 3) Integrative humanities that are considered as most valuable when they collaborate with other disciplines. 4) Existential humanities. According to this group, the humanities are most valuable when they raise the existential questions. The second part presents a short analysis of the programs of political parties from the year 2018. Although the legitimacy problem of the humanities has not taken a bigger part there, we can find links to all four concepts.[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Lietuvoje periodiškai pasigirstančios diskusijos apie humanitarinių mokslų likimą nesvetimos ir Švedijai. Ten taip pat keliami pamatiniai klausimai – ar ir kodėl humanitarika reikalinga šiuolaikinei visuomenei? Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – išanalizuoti humanitarikos legitimumo diskusiją viešojoje Švedijos erdvėje. Remiantis grindžiamosios teorijos elementais, buvo išanalizuoti 2004–2014 metais išleistuose populiariausiuose akademiniuose bei kultūriniuose žurnaluose bei temą atitinkančiose monografijose pateikti argumentai už humanitarinius mokslus. Juos sukategorizavus, gautos keturios pagrindinės grupės, t. y. keturi būdai grįsti humanitarikos legitimumą: akcentuojantis pilietinę jos svarbą, iškeliantis humanitariką kaip didžiuosius laikotarpio iššūkius galinčią įveikti didvyrę, pabrėžiantis humanitarikos sąsajas su kitais mokslais ir žvelgiantis pro egzistencializmo prizmę. Vėliau trumpai apžvelgiama, ar autorių pateikti argumentai sulaukė atsako, t. y. ar ir kaip šie argumentų tipai atsispindėjo 2018 metų rudenį parlamento rinkimuose išrinktų partijų programose
Esperanto as an Auxiliary Language and a Possible Solution to the BRICS Language Dilemma: A Case Study
Get PDFResearch demonstrates that there are over 6,000 languages in the world and countries believe that their national interest should come first, and in this case the national language(s) must be prioritized. However, it became imperative for people, let alone countries, to use a language they can understand for trade (economy) and socio-political or cultural relations. This raised a number of problems including the fact that colonial masters’ language was upheld to the detriment of their once “slaves” language which they called a dialect. With the advent of democracy and improvement in international bilateral and multilateral relations, linguistic rights were recognized as part and parcel of other human rights, and subsequently, a win-win approach became reasonably what countries would expect in international co-operation. Today the reality is that English serves as a lingua franca in trade and co-operation but this is to some extent abusive to people’s democratic and linguistic rights. The study is predominantly qualitative although a survey is also used to balance the findings. Further research is recommended in the future especially on the same or similar topics in any other BRICS country
The Vitality of Letters, Memoirs and Diaries from Taken Lands
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Radviliškio rajono drimonimų daryba
Get PDFThis article analyses the drymonyms from the “Lithuanian Forests Name Book”, Lithuanian Geoinformation Data Base and Radviliškis district map (200). Drymonyms are a constantly changing part of the Lithuanian landscape, and it is imperative to fix and research them periodically. Drymonyms in Radviliškis district have not been researched in any way. The classification of Radviliškis district drymonyms, classifying primary and secondary drymonyms first, is based on grammatical-structural classification scheme of Aleksandras Vanagas. Secondly, drymonyms with suffixes or inflections were selected as well as mixed structure drymonyms, compound and composite drymonyms. The research demonstrated that the majority of Radviliškis district drymonyms were identified as secondary names (88.5%), whereas the number of primarily names was significantly lower (11.5%). The analysis of Radviliškis district drymonyms will be useful for further research of this region’s toponym classification. Investigation of the drymonyms and understanding of their common word-building tendencies could lead to further research of extralinguistic aspects (social, economic and psycholinguistic) of the region’s toponyms.Straipsnyje analizuojami iš „Lietuvos miškų vardyno“, Lietuvos vietovardžių geoinformacinės duomenų bazės ir Radviliškio rajono žemėlapio išrašyti drimonimai (200). Drimonimai yra nuolat kintanti Lietuvos reljefo dalis, todėl aktualu juos atitinkamais tarpsniais fiksuoti ir tyrinėti. Radviliškio rajono drimonimai nėra tyrinėti jokiu aspektu. Straipsnyje pateikiama Radviliško rajono drimonimų klasifikacija yra pagrįsta Aleksandro Vanago sudaryta hidronimų darybine-struktūrine klasifikacijos schema. Struktūriškai analizuojant Radviliškio rajono drimonimus, pirmiausiai buvo išskirti pirminiai ir antriniai drimonimai. Toliau buvo tiriami antriniai drimonimai, turintys priesagą arba galūnę, mišrios struktūros drimonimai, taip pat sudurtiniai ir sudėtiniai drimonimai. Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad Radviliškio rajone vyrauja antriniai drimonimai (88,5 %). Pirminių drimonimų aptikta 11,5 %. Radviliškio rajono drimonimų analizė bus naudinga tolesniems šio regiono visų toponimų klasių tyrimams. Išnagrinėjus drimonimus ir nustačius bendras darybos tendencijas, būtų galima tirti įvairius tiriamojo regiono toponimams būdingus ekstralingvistinius aspektus: socialinius, ekonominius, psicholingvistinius
Jak naukowo zbadać normę językową – zagadnienia wstępne
Get PDFThe article presents an attempt at solving chosen problems related to the preparation to conduct a scientific research of a language norm. Until now, linguists have not attempted at describing the language norm according to its definition. It should be viewed as a social phenomenon. Its research ought to be conducted by the means of mixed methods, including methods inherent to linguistics and social sciences. A proper representative group of contemporary users of the Polish language should be chosen according to the rules applied to regular opinion polls. The questionnaire tools, allowing the creation of situations similar to the natural reaction to correct and incorrect forms, are necessary. In order to evaluate the level of the norm (e.g. model forms, correct forms, acceptable forms), it is necessary to determine the way of interpretation of the obtained results (e.g. more than 85% of positive results qualifies the variant to the model forms, less than 65% – to forms outside the norm). In this way, a reliable image of contemporary language norm would be obtained and a rational basis for the development of the codified norm would be created. There is a high social demand for a reliable source of the way in which Polish should be written and spoken. The constant updating of the normative publications is also necessary, hence the requirement to make them available online. The monitoring of changes of the habit and noting them are equally important.Przedmiotem zainteresowania w artykule jest wskazanie sposobu rozwiązania wybranych problemów związanych z przygotowaniem do naukowego badania normy językowej. Do chwili obecnej językoznawcy nie dokonali bowiem próby opisania normy językowej zgodnie z jej definicją. Powinno się na nią spojrzeć jak na zjawisko społeczne i wykorzystać mieszane metody badawcze właściwe zarówno dla lingwistyki, jak i dla nauk społecznych. Należy wybrać odpowiednią grupę reprezentatywną współczesnych użytkowników języka polskiego, zgodnie z zasadami właściwymi dla typowych badań opinii publicznej. Konieczne są narzędzia ankietowe, umożliwiające stworzenie sytuacji przypominającej naturalną reakcję na formy błędne i poprawne. Aby określić poziom normy (np. formy wzorcowe, poprawne, dopuszczalne), trzeba wyznaczyć sposób interpretacji uzyskanych wyników (np. powyżej 85% odpowiedzi pozytywnych kwalifikuje wariant do normy wzorcowej, poniżej 65% – do form poza normą). W ten sposób uzyskano by wiarygodny obraz współczesnej normy językowej i powstałyby racjonalne podstawy opracowania normy skodyfikowanej. Istnieje bowiem silne oczekiwanie społeczne na wiarygodne źródło tego, w jaki sposób mówić i pisać po polsku. Istotne jest też stałe aktualizowanie wydawnictwa poprawnościowego, stąd wymóg umieszczenia go w Internecie, monitorowanie zmian uzusu i odnotowywanie tego
Leksikos ribos ir paribiai medicinos terminijoje
Get PDFThe article analyses the attitudes of the students of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LSMU) regarding the use of loanwords in medical terminology. Many of the previously unacceptable and avoidable barbarisms used in the book of language tips “Lexicology: usage of loanwords” (published in 2013), became standard versions of the general language. Among such loanwords are the medical terms, which led to carrying out this research. Survey respondents were second-year students of the Faculty of Medicine of LSMU. The study involved 100 students. A list of 40 medical terms was specifically made for this research and was submitted to the students. The aim of this article is to research whether students are able to determine the ratio of a loanword to the norm of the standard language. The article raises the hypothesis that the students will be able to differentiate normative and non-standard loanwords. The analysis showed that 85.8% of respondents indicated loanwords being totally unacceptable and avoidable. Twice as many respondents reported that the loanwords, considered as side version of the norm, did not meet the requirements of the standard language norm. More than half (56.5%) of respondents indicated that loanwords, considered as an equivalent variant of the norm, did not meet the requirements of the standard language norm. The research hypothesis proved to be true.Straipsnyje analizuojamos Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto (LSMU) studentų nuostatos medicinos terminijos skolinių atžvilgiu. Tokia skolinių analizė atliekama pirmą kartą. Kalbos patarimų knygos ,, Leksika. Skolinių vartojimas: Leksikos skolinių sąrašas ir Senųjų svetimybių sąrašas“ 2013 metų laidoje daug iki tol buvusių neteiktinų ir vengtinų svetimybių tapo bendrinės kalbos normos variantais. Tarp tokių svetimybių yra ir medicinos terminų. Tai paskatino atlikti šį tyrimą. Tyrimo respondentai buvo LSMU Medicinos fakulteto II kurso studentai. Tyrime dalyvavo 100 studentų. Jiems buvo pateiktas specialiai šiam tyrimui sudarytas 40-ties medicinos terminų sąrašas. Tyrimo dalyviai buvo paprašyti nurodyti, kuris iš pateiktų terminų yra norminis, o kuris neatitinka bendrinės kalbos normos reikalavimų. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti, ar studentai geba nustatyti skolinio santykį su bendrinės kalbos norma. Be to, kelta hipotezė, kad studentai geba skirti norminius ir nenorminius skolinius.Atlikus tyrimą, nustatyta, kad neteiktinus ir vengtinus skolinius iš viso nenorminiais laikė 85,8 proc. studentų. Dvigubai daugiau respondentų šalutiniu normos variantu laikomus skolinius nurodė kaip nenorminius. Lygiaverčiu normos variantu laikomus skolinius kaip nenorminius nurodė daugiau kaip pusė (56,5 proc.) apklaustųjų. Tyrimo hipotezė pasitvirtino