Respectus Philologicus
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A Jesuit Perspective on Metaphors for COVID-19 in the Online Journal "Thinking Faith "
Full text linkThis article investigated how metaphors for COVID-19 were framed in a Catholic-based journal Thinking Faith. Data, consisting of 107 metaphors, were collected from the online journal and were analyzed within the Jesuit perspectives. Results showed that out of the 107 occurrences of metaphoric expressions for the pandemic, the source domains tend to have reflective and empowering aspects. The 12 main source domains of COVID-19 were war, drama, tools, natural forces, journey, manageable item, teacher, other living beings, darkness, pain, threat, and signs of the times. The coverage of Thinking Faith aimed to show the life-changing wisdom of the Gospel, Catholic Social Teaching, and Papal messages. Positive or neutral word choices of metaphors like teacher, drama, journey, manageable items, natural forces, and signs of the times managed to spark hopefulness for the journal readership. Meanwhile, the violence-related metaphors war, pain, and threat may appear to be discouraging. Overall, the metaphors used in the Jesuit online journal were contextually heartenin
Religious Translation between Arabic and English, with Reference to Quranic Rhetorical Questions
Full text linkTranslating rhetorical questions from one language into another is not an easy task at all. This is due to the fact that rhetorical questions are not posed to elicit information, but rather to denote something else, namely rhetorical functions or purposes. Such functions might be changed and or distorted in translation if certain issues are not considered. Of these issues is the tenor of rhetorical questions. As such, the current study is an attempt to investigate Quranic rhetorical questions that denote rhetorical functions such as negation, testing, and showing abundance to determine the extent to which the tenor of such questions is preserved in the English translation of al-Hilali and Khan (1996). Toward this end, the interpersonal metafunction of the Quranic rhetorical questions and their English translation is analysed. In this case, the study employs Halliday\u27s (1996) tenor and its associated metafunction, i.e., interpersonal metafunction. The analysis shows that the tenor of Quranic rhetorical questions under investigation is maintained, highly distorted and partially distorted. Consequently, the functions of such rhetorical questions are mostly affected
Philosophical Origins of Methodological Nomothetism of F. de Saussure’s Concept
Full text linkThe article raises the problem of philosophical principles and origins of Ferdinand de Saussure’s views. The editors of “Course in General Linguistics”, C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, contributed to the emergence of stereotypes about Saussure as the founder of structuralism, who for the first time conceptually distinguished language and speech based on dichotomy, established the systemic nature of language as an abstract entity, developed a bilateral psychological theory of sign and divided linguistics into the synchronous and the diachronic. This prevented the synthesis of Saussure’s concept as a holistic and internally consistent anthropocentric system of views. The conceptual analysis of the fundamental theses of Saussure’s concept, given in Saussure’s autographed materials, which appeared in 2002, showed that its most important feature is that it was an anthropocentric nomothetic proposition aimed at creating the foundations for the study of human language activity as such, language as such and speech as such. The Kantian idea of anthropocentric transcendentalism can be considered the principal philosophical source of Saussure’s nomothetic project
Regional Identity and Multiculturalism: the Baltic Germans of Latgale in the Early 20th Century Latvian Literature
Full text linkIn the studies of Latvian culture and history, there is a number of investigations dedicated to the influence of Baltic German culture on Latvian culture. Hence the Latgale region was not given due attention in this regard. The role of the Baltic Germans in this region is peculiar due to its specific history, and it is important to study how the Baltic German culture influences the multicultural identity of Latgale. A project of the Latvian Science Council The Baltic Germans of Latgale in the context of socio-ethnic relations from the 17th until the beginning of the 20th century (2020–2021) is devoted to this topic. One of the tasks of the project is the analysis of the image of the Baltic Germans in fiction. In the framework of the research, the works written in the Latvian literary language, the action of which is set in Latgale, are analysed. The focus is on fictional works about Latgale written by two authors – Antons Austriņš (1884–1934) and Ādolfs Ers (1885–1945) – in the first and second decades of the 20th century. The said writers are the first currently distinguished authors narrating in the Latvian literary language, who describe Latgale in a number of their works. Compared to other nationalities (Poles, Russians, Jews), the Baltic Germans are mentioned minimally in their works; moreover, it is a commonplace that in some cases protagonist’s belonging to German descent is not mentioned, which can only be inferred. Although the Baltic Germans belong to the Latgale past, their culture is imperceptibly and harmoniously apparent in Latgale, i.e. it is evident in the castles (castle ruins) and manors as well as in the use of Germanisms by the Baltic Germans, it has determined the location of the Latgale cities and influenced the worldview
Sorinos Chiper knygos "Discourse Studies in Practice" recenzija
No full textThe book “Discourse Studies In Practice” is a compilation of articles on discourse, written by S. Chiper over fifteen years and published in Romania and abroad. The research of different topics has been done in the methodological framework of critical discourse analysis (CDA). This book aims at discourse researchers and students, and anyone interested in discourse and intercultural studies.Knyga “Discourse Studies In Practice” yra straipsnių apie diskursą rinkinys, kuriuos autorė S. Chiper parašė per pastaruosius penkiolika metų ir publikavo Rumunijos bei užsienio leidiniuose. Knygoje įvairios temos analizuojamos pasitelkus kritinę diskurso analizę. Ši knyga yra skirta diskurso tyrėjams, studentams ir kiekvienam, kuris domisi diskursu ir tarpkultūriniais tyrimais
Audiovisual Communication and Subtitling from the Perspective of Semiotic Cohesion: A Case Study of “Garden of Eden”
Full text linkFilms as multimodal products have an increasing entertainment value, so the need to transfer them to other cultures arises. Audiovisual translation (AVT) becomes the only practice to translate and adapt multimodal discourse to various audiences. Together with audio description, that translates the visual into spoken language completing in this way the sounds and dialogues of films, subtitling deals with the changes within the semiotic system. Since subtitles have to interact and work in synchrony with dialogue and image, a great variety of problems arises when this translation mode is employed because a lot of constraints that exist. However, semiotic cohesion between subtitles and other elements such as moving pictures, verbal and non-verbal language and camera editing should be retained. The aim of the paper is to analyse the cases of semiotic cohesion in the English subtitles of the Lithuanian film Garden of Eden (2015). The research is carried out within the framework of multimodal discourse analysis that permits the incorporation of all identifiable communicative modes. The course of practical investigation crystallises out into three underlying directions: assessment of semiotic cohesion, identification of particular form(s) of semiotic cohesion depending on its (dis)appearance on screen and the analysis of the selected instances
Rinkimų programos kaip politinės retorikos žanras
Full text linkCandidate programs are a publication of political parties during the agitation campaign, which presents the political attitudes of a political actor and influence voters’ motivation to vote in elections. The electoral candidate program illustrates a politician’s relationship with voters. It is an element of political communication, part of the image of a political figure. The article deals with the rhetoric of electoral candidate programs announced before the elections to the Seimas, the European Parliament, and Municipal Councils (2014–2019). The aim is to identify and expand the characteristic rhetorical elements that allow qualifying political electoral programs as a specific genre of political rhetoric: at the inventive level, the study of rhetorical strategies includes the analysis of rhetorical reasoning, the relationship between a political actor and a voter; at the dispositional level, the composition of programs is analyzed; and finally, at the elocutionary level, the specifics of the linguistic expression of discourse are investigated. A rhetorical study of discourse revealed that, in many cases, the electoral candidate program functions as a tool for building the image of a political actor, a tool for discrediting opponents and spreading populist promises. Politinės rinkimų programos yra agitacinio pobūdžio leidinys, kurio paskirtis – pateikti politikos veikėjo politines nuostatas ir paveikti rinkėjų motyvaciją balsuojant rinkimuose. Rinkimų programa iliustruoja politiko santykį su rinkėjais, ji yra politinės komunikacijos elementas, politikos veikėjo įvaizdžio dalis. Straipsnyje analizuojama rinkimų programų, paskelbtų prieš Seimo, Europos Parlamento, Savivaldybių tarybų rinkimus (2014–2019 m.), retorika. Siekiama nustatyti ir išskleisti būdinguosius retorinius dėmenis, leisiančius charakterizuoti politines rinkimų programas kaip specifinį politinės retorikos žanrą: invenciniame lygmenyje retorinių strategijų tyrimas apima retorinės argumentacijos, politikos veikėjo ir rinkėjo santykio analizę; dispoziciniame diskurso lygmenyje analizuojama programų kompozicija; elokuciniame lygmenyje tiriama diskurso kalbinės raiškos specifika. Retorinis diskurso tyrimas atskleidė, kad daugeliu atveju rinkimų programa funkcionuoja kaip politikos veikėjo įvaizdžio kūrimo priemonė, oponentų diskreditavimo ir populistinių pažadų sklaidos įrankis
English Author Dictionaries as Contribution to National Heritage
Full text linkThe paper is devoted to cultural heritage dictionaries with special reference to the oldest branch of English lexicography – author lexicography, comprising three hundred reference books of different types: concordances, glossaries, lexicons, indices, thesauri, etc. The article describes the main trends in developing author linguistic dictionaries for general and special purposes to single and complete works of G. Chaucer, W. Shakespeare, J. Milton, other famous English writers since the 16th c. up to the present days. The architecture of author encyclopedic dictionaries (guides, encyclopedias, companions) and onomasticons (dictionaries of characters and place names, who is who in … series) and their significant contribution to the English language, culture and society are discussed. The main accent is made on the digital era of English heritage lexicography, innovative features of modern printed and Internet author reference resources, aimed at certain target groups users’ needs and demands
Language Representation Features of Primary Human Needs in Discourse: a Case Study on Short Prose by A. Solzhenitsyn
Full text linkThe article is devoted to the cognitive analysis of linguistic means, representing the primary human needs in extreme conditions. The nominations denoting the concepts of “food” and “warmth” are subjected to the lexico-semantic, grammatical, stylistic consideration. A choice of the discourse for analysis is due to describing a human life in detention when the primary adaptive needs prevail all others and become the most valuable. The representation of human basic biological need in food and warmth is considered in the given contexts. The use of colloquial vocabulary, grammatical norms violation, as well as figurative comparisons and transformed phraseological units in the contexts determine peculiarities of the verbal explication of the concept “food”. The author pays attention to the stylistically reduced vocabulary, which stands out the lexeme “belly”, acquiring new semantic shades in the analyzed fragments. With the nomination of warmth as another important human need for existence, the lexeme “stove” is associated. The paper identifies and analyzes the factors that cause the life values changes at the cognitive level of a person experiencing deprivation of basic biological needs
Lietuvių atsisakymai ir jų mandagumas
Full text linkThis study investigates Lithuanian refusals to comply with requests. Refusals are face-threatening speech acts. They can endanger social relationships, and therefore require mitigation by employing politeness means. The aim of the study is to find out strategies, sub-strategies, internal and external modifications of Lithuanian refusals. The research data was collected from students using an open-ended discourse completion test and consists of 1046 refusals. Summarizing the results, it can be stated that Lithuanians opt for indirect refusals. When refusing directly, the least straightforward strategy – stating the inability to comply with a request – is used, especially by women. Refusals (especially the direct ones) are often mitigated with external modifications that were again more frequent in women’s responses. Socioculturally, the most acceptable and thus polite way to refuse in Lithuanian is to apologize and provide reasons. Overall, there is a clear tendency to express positive politeness when refusing.Straipsnyje aptariamas atsisakymų patenkinti prašymus tyrimas. Atsisakymas yra rizikingas šnekos aktas: gali pakenkti adresato įvaizdžiui ir komunikantų tarpusavio santykiams, tad jį atliekant labai svarbus mandagumas. Darbe siekta ištirti, kokias atsisakymų patenkinti prašymus strategijas, pastrateges, vidines ir išorines modifikacijas renkasi lietuviai merginos ir vaikinai. Tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro diskurso kūrimo testu iš studentų surinkti pasakymai. Analizuoti 1046 atsisakymai. Apibendrinant rezultatus teigiama, kad įprastai atsisakoma netiesiogiai. Jeigu atsisakoma tiesiogiai, dažniausiai pasitelkiama mažiausiai tiesioginė pastrategė – nurodomas negalėjimas patenkinti prašymą. Merginos ją taikė dar dažniau nei vaikinai. Atsisakymų (ypač tiesioginių) branduoliai gausiai paremiami išorinėmis modifikacijomis, ypač merginų. Sociokultūriškai lietuviams priimtiniausia ir mandagiausia atrodo atsiprašyti ir papildomai pateikti atsisakymo priežastį. Atsisakant akivaizdžiai dominuoja pozityvusis mandagumas – stengiamasi kuo labiau atsižvelgti į adresato norus, poreikius, išreikšti solidarumą, palaikymą