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    631 research outputs found

    Worldview in Memoirs «Die Kavaliere von Illuxt» by Alexis von Engelhardt

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    The paper is based on the book of memoirs by Alexis von Engelhardt Die Kavaliere von Illuxt, published in 1949. In the territory of Latgale, which is discussed in the book, the Baltic Germans lived in small numbers, therefore the book is of historical, culturological and literary interest. The text of the literary work is understood as an object of scientific reflection; all its components are connected into a single whole by the author’s creative thought. The methodology of the research is based on the interpretation of the literary text, as well as the synthesis of statistical, cultural-historical, semantic and intertextual analysis in the critical perception of the text. The aim of the research is to reveal the worldview presented in the literary work, which consists of the artistic space, representation of time, characters with their functions and objectives, as well as moral and ethical values. The particular objectives of the research include establishing the relationship between the text of the memoirs and jokes and entertaining stories of the Baltic Germans (Pratchen), the features of which have been identified in the author’s previous research, but which still represent a scientific lacuna. On the basis of the life realities described in the book Die Kavaliere von Illuxt it is possible to reconstruct the organization of life of the people that has disappeared from the map of today’s Latvia. The artistic space constructed in this book shows a closed and stagnant world, a lack of impulses for internal development and an appeal to the past. Historical and event-driven artistic time, the inclusiveness of individual stories into the canvas of historical events brings the narrative closer to Pratchen, i.e. jokes and entertaining stories of the Baltic Germans. Alexis von Engelhardt’s book Die Kavaliere von Illuxt is currently the only source of jokes and entertaining stories (Pratchen) of the Baltic Germans about Latgale. The research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project The Baltic Germans of Latgale in the context of socio-ethnic relations from the 17th till the beginning of the 20th century, project No.lzp-2020/2-0136

    Uriel Weinreich’s “Languages in Contact” in the Soviet Union: Treading a Dangerous Ground

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     In a democratic society with a market economy, editorial policy is often a matter of financial feasibility rather than anything else. Meanwhile, totalitarian societies approach it from a different angle, frequently putting political considerations in the centre. Living behind the Iron Curtain, Soviet scholars had very limited access to Western publications – very few of them were translated into the languages of Soviet republics. What is more, research shows that they were subject to censorship, just like literary works. Besides, the work of a translator, being invisible to the majority of readers, could be quite dangerous and ruin one’s scholarly career. Thus, a scholar embarking on a translation journey to acquaint their colleagues with the best samples of world research had to be very considerate. Such was the case of the Russian translation of Uriel Weinreich’s seminal book Languages in Contact done by the Ukrainian linguist, translator, lexicographer, and educator Yuriy Zhluktenko. The present paper explores the matter of censorship and self-censorship in this translation and its paratexts

    Komentarz, ocena, opinia, recenzja – rekonesans badawczy

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    The article focuses on functional speech genres used on the Internet to assess the level of customer satisfaction after purchasing goods and services on portals with various offers. It attempts to define what genre is used in the texts called commentaries, evaluations, opinions and consumer reviews. Both Internet users and providers of goods and services use these terms interchangeably. The situation may result from the fact that in the ordinary mind, they constitute one genre. The text introduces the research on the statements of internet users expressing their opinion on the transaction, the purchased products, and the service provided. Nowadays, the Internet has such a large social impact that it is important to examine the changes in speech genres existing in the Internet space in relation to their prototypes derived from the literary tradition.W artykule podjęto temat użytkowych gatunków mowy wykorzystywanych w Internecie do badania poziomu satysfakcji klientów po dokonaniu zakupu towarów i usług na portalach oferujących różnorodne produkty. Jest próbą określenia, jaki gatunek mowy reprezentują teksty nazywane na portalach usługowych i sprzedażowych komentarzem, oceną, opinią i recenzją konsumencką. Określenia te są używane zarówno przez internautów, jak i oferentów towarów i usług zamiennie, co może wynikać z tego, że w świadomości potocznej stanowią one jeden gatunek. Tekst stanowi wstęp do szczegółowych badań nad wypowiedziami użytkowników Internetu, których celem jest wyrażenie opinii na temat dokonanej transakcji, zakupionego produktu, wykonanej usługi. Obecnie Internet odgrywa tak dużą rolę społeczną, że ważne i interesujące jest zbadanie, jakie zmiany zachodzą w gatunkach mowy funkcjonujących w przestrzeni internetowej w stosunku do ich pierwowzorów wywodzących się z tradycji piśmiennictwa

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    Sytuacja polityczno-gospodarcza w Republice Południowej Afryki i jej wpływ na imigrację

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    Migration processes have accompanied man since the dawn of time. In the case of migration currents to South Africa after World War II, there are several factors influencing the decisions to migrate. There were several waves of migration, depending on the changing in the second half of the Twentieth century South Africa’s economic and political situation. To properly present the issue of migration to South Africa, both from Poland and other countries of the world, it is first necessary to focus on the events that enabled the development of a policy of racial segregation. Then focus on economic development during this period that determined the successive waves of migrants. The last, crucial element is focusing on emigrants and the reasons for their emigration. In the case of the Polish diaspora in South Africa, many people decided to leave Poland due to the political system that was in the communist period; they wanted to give their children a better start in life or simply wanted to develop professionally, which was not possible at that time in the country. The aim of this article is to present the political, economic, demographic and social factors that influenced migration to South Africa.Procesy migracyjne towarzyszą człowiekowi od zarania dziejów. W wypadku nurtów migracyjnych do Republiki Południowej Afryki po II wojnie światowej mamy do czynienia z kilkoma czynnikami wpływającymi na decyzje o migracji. Fal migracyjnych było kilka, uzależnionych od zmieniającej się w II połowe XX wieku w RPA sytuacji gospodarczo-politycznej. Aby przedstawić odpowiednio kwestię migracji do RPA, zarówno z Polski, jak i innych krajów świata, należy najpierw skupić się na wydarzeniach, które umożliwiły wykształcenie się polityki segregacji rasowej. Następnie skupić się na rozwoju gospodarczym w tym okresie, który determinował kolejne fale migrantów. Ostatnim, bardzo ważnym elementem jest skupienie się na emigrantach i powodach ich emigracji. W wypadku Polonii w RPA, wiele osób decydowało się na wyjazd z Polski ze względu na system polityczny, jaki był w okresie PRL-u. Chcieli dać możliwość lepszego startu w życie swoim dzieciom lub po prostu chcieli rozwijać się zawodowo, co nie było w tamtym okresie możliwe w kraju. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie czynników politycznych, gospodarczych, demograficznych i społecznych, mających wpływ na migrację do RPA

    Reinterpretacja pamięci traumatycznej Holocaustu w literaturze (na podstawie pracy Moniki Sznajderman “Fałszerze pieprzu. Historia rodzinna”)

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    The article analyzes the attempt to reconstruct the historical memory of the Holocaust in the novel by Polish writer Monika Schneiderman “Fałszerze pieprzu. Historia rodzinna”. The writer questions the issue of Polish-Jewish relations, the responsibility and guilt of Holocaust witnesses to its victims. The author, who has a complex identity, seeks to find out for herself why her Polish family did not show enough sympathy for the suffering of Jews during World War II, including her Jewish relatives. As such indifference on the part of Poles to Holocaust victims was quite common, Monica Schneiderman tries to explain this by examining the relations between societies who lived side by side for centuries in the pre-war period, concluding that the twoneighbouring nations lived in separate communities that were not open to each other. Based on the reproduction of the history of her own family, the author seeks answers to difficult questions ofuniversal human values – perception and understanding of others, empathy, compassion. In her works Monica Schneiderman shows the need to include these recently “closed” but extremely important topics in the public discourse.Artykuł przedstawia próbę rekonstrukcji pamięci historycznej Holokaustu w powieści polskiej pisarki Moniki Sznajderman “Fałszerze pieprzu. Historia rodzinna”. Porusza się również pytanie o stosunki polsko-żydowskie, odpowiedzialność i winę świadków Holokaustu wobec jego ofiar. Autorka, która jest człowiekiem o tożsamości hybrydowej, poszukuje dla siebie odpowiedzi na pytanie, dlaczego jej polska rodzina nie okazała wystarczająco współczucia wobec cierpienia Żydów w czasie II wojny światowej, w tym jej żydowskich krewnych. Ponieważ taka obojętność Polaków wobec ofiar Holokaustu była zjawiskiem dość powszechnym, Monika Sznajderman próbuje to wyjaśnić, badając stosunki między narodami, które żyły obok siebie przez wieki w okresie przedwojennym, i dochodzi do wniosku, że sąsiadujące narody mieszkały odrębnymi społecznościami oraz nie były wystarczająco otwarte. Opierając się na reprodukcji historii własnej rodziny, autorka pracy szuka odpowiedzi na trudne pytania o uniwersalne wartości ludzkie – percepcję i zrozumienie innego, empatię, współczucie. Powieść Moniki Sznajderman pokazuje potrzebę włączenia do dyskursu publicznego tych do niedawna „zamkniętych”, ale niezwykle ważnych tematów

    Kauno rajono kalbinis variantiškumas – „Tarmyno“ modelio kūrimo pagrindas

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    The article analyses the linguistic basis of the Tarmynas, the database Lithuanian local language variants. The development of the database model was based on the linguistic variability of the Kaunas district as an important zone for the development of Standard Lithuanian. Until now, the territory of the Kaunas district has not been systematically studied by dialectologists; therefore, the study is relevant in assessing the interaction between Standard language and local variants; the conclusions drawn are significant for prog-nostic models of the Lithuanian language. The analysis performed by the methods of geolinguistics research showed a significant horizontal and vertical variability of the Kaunas district. Based on the characteristics of the traditional dialects and their spread in the new dialectal structures, four linguistic areas of the Kaunas district were distinguished. Their main distinguishing features are the shortening of long vowels in unaccented inflexions and the hardening of the compounds le and lė. The influence of the local Polish dialects on the current linguistic variants was also identified. The possibilities of the explication of the dialectal phonetic features in the database are also briefly presented: transcriptions of acoustic recordings and a questionnaire about the frequency of usage of the dialectal features.Straipsnyje analizuojamas Lietuvos vietinių kalbos variantų duomenų bazės, arba Tarmyno, kalbinis pagrindas. Kuriant Tarmyno modelį, remtasi Kauno rajono, kaip svarbios bendrinės lietuvių kalbos raidai zonos, kalbiniu variantiškumu. Kauno rajono teritorija iki šiol dialektologų sistemiškai netirta, todėl tyrimas aktualus vertinant bendrinės kalbos ir vietinių variantų sąveiką, jo išvados reikšmingos prognostiniams lietuvių kalbos modeliams. Geolingvistikos metodais atlikta analizė atskleidė Kauno rajono horizontalųjį ir vertikalųjį variantiškumą. Remiantis tradicinių šnektų ypatybėmis ir jų sklaida naujuosiuose tarminiuose dariniuose, išskirti keturi kalbiniai arealai. Jų skiriamosiomis ypatybėmis laikytinas ilgųjų balsių trumpinimas nekirčiuotose galūnėse ir junginių le, lė kietinimas. Nustatyta ir vietinių lenkų kalbos šnektų įtaka dabartiniams kalbiniams variantams. Straipsnyje taip pat trumpai pateikiamos tarminių ypatybių eksplikacijos Tarmyne galimybės: garso įrašų transkripcijos ir Tarminių ypatybių vartojimo dažnio anketa

    Stephen Dixon\u27s Novels: Autobiographicality as Transgression

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    The idea advanced in the paper is to theorize the mechanisms of autobiographicality in Stephen Dixon’s novels that are viewed as a radical renewal of autobiographical narrative, where the modality of disappearance/return of the subject produces a new mode of life-writing. We propose the term “autobiographical transgression” to capture the essence of this renewal started by three representative figures – John Barth, Stephen Dixon, and Joseph Heller that can be reduced neither to autobiography as a genre, nor to “transgressive autobiography” as its generic variant. Dixon finds a new form for representing autos. He creates the character with the name-deixis I. that personifies a fiduciary subject, thus, suggesting a provocative restatement of postmodernist generic problems. In the novels I. and End of I. the autobiographical hero I. exists simultaneously as a metaphor of the author’s presence in the text, as the subjective author’s I and as a character in the novel − an objectified, semi-functional, distancing I. The transplanting of life experience manifests itself in a special kind of repersonalization and double coding of the traditional autobiographical subject

    Hero vis-à-vis Author

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    This article examines the complex relationship between the hero and the author. Through a reflexive phenomenological tone, it is argued that the hero depicts the emotional seed of the subject itself while the author is the beautiful mind that projects events and worlds by cultivating the intellectual seed. The call of adventure as a ringing bell for the hero and the author, the proclaimed Death of the Author, the almost confirmed Death of the Hero, and the horizon of the Teacher’s Death are discussed. In this setting, the fear from the authority of the hero and the author remains imminent. This article attempts to move beyond the horizon of death certificates in order to reach primary frequencies at the nexus between author and hero, derived from the very inner tones of the human psyche that come as a call to take us away to the beautiful world of Aha Erlebnis. The author and the hero – they do matter

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