Respectus Philologicus
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A Contemporary Free Verse from American and Ukrainian Readers’ Perspectives
Full text linkThe study presents an experiment aimed at discovering similarities and differences in how American and Ukrainian participants perceived contemporary free verse. Three poems were examined from the perspectives of intertextual/infratextual/intratextual context dimensions. The presence of intertextual characteristics – reflecting social reality and metaphoric content – was recognized by the majority in both groups of participants, yet across the groups, there were differences in the degree of value placed on each characteristic. Differences in views on the infratextual contexts reflect the variability of functions performed by the initial/intermediate/closing parts of the poems. As regards intratextual context dimension, there were significant similarities in the participants’ views on the imagery, in the constructed text-worlds, emotional responses, interpretations, and encountered difficulties. The analysis of the intratextual contexts of the poems indicates that some texts may drive readers’ interpretations, thus reducing the role of culture in their reception
A Narrative of Different Voices: Stylistic Analysis of Multiple Points of View in Zadie Smith’s “NW”
Full text linkWhile the post-colonial approach (Fernández Carbajal, 2016; López-Ropero, 2016) has dominated research on Zadie Smith’s postmodern work, NW (2013), there has been little to no stylistic analysis of the novel. The article aims to fill in this theoretical gap by examining the different modes of point of view, indicating how they are linguistically encoded. Using Leech and Short’s model of narratological aspects of viewpoint (2007), the stylistic features of the third-person narrator and the reflectors are revealed. The analysis seeks to demonstrate that the narrative style varies with each shift of perspective and that the voice of the narrator and the characters’ points of view are linguistically intertwined. The research points out the stylistic metamorphosis of the narrator who moves from mimetic storytelling to metafiction, alternating between the covert narrator who foregrounds the characters’ point of view and the overt one who constantly pinpoints the linguistic identity of the novel. The fusion of form and content becomes the storyline of this novel, where the differences between viewpoints of the narrating voices reflect the differences between their lives
Graffiti and the Discursive Construction of Fitness in Gyms
Full text linkThis paper is an attempt to add knowledge to scholarship in a field that has attracted less attention from researchers. It presents a study of graffiti found on a board located inside a gym in Madrid that was carried out in order to get a grasp of the functions of the graffiti and gain an insight into discursive practices in gyms. Data analysis focused on texts while overlooking the graffiti’s non-verbal features and was carried out following Fairclough’s (2004, 2013) approach, which emphasizes the study of language as a social practice and encourages a three-fold analysis of discourse that includes action, representation and identification. The study revealed that social agents attempted to act and interact directly or indirectly with fellow gym-goers through graffiti
The The Associative Influence of Phonetic Nonce Words (Occasionalisms) in Modern Ukrainian Poetical Discourse
No full textThe article presents the results of three linguistic associative experiments. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of specific linguistic units – phonetic nonce words (occasionalisms) – on the perception of modern Ukrainian poetical discourse by addressees (readers). As stimuli for linguistic analysis of phonetic occasional units in modern Ukrainian poetical discourse used the most frequent phonetic nonce words in their graphic actualization (total 16 different stimuli). The three experimentally groups of respondents include 105 students of three Poltava high schools. A result of these experiments are 1684 reactions, among which 1146 (68%) – positive, 300 (18%) – negative, 238 (14%) – neutral. The lowest per cent of neutral reactions is motivated because phonetic nonce words are power intensifiers for the expressiveness of sound background in poetical discourse. The phonetic nonce words positively influence the perception of modern verbal discourse by addressees. The special role in decoding of sound information belongs to acoustic-articulator characteristics of vowels and consonants
What Conceptual Metaphors Appear in Texts on Psychedelics and Medicine? Corpus-Based Cognitive Study
Full text linkThis paper aims to present conceptual metaphors employed to discuss psychedelics in texts published online by organizations popularizing knowledge about psychedelic substances. The foundation of this investigation comprises Cognitive Grammar, Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and Corpus Linguistics. A corpus of 160 texts on medical research, mental health, and therapy published in 2020 is built to enable quantitative and qualitative analysis. The investigation reveals the existence of the conceptual metaphors: psychedelic experience is a trip (a single experience that requires return and may involve adventurous, sacred, challenging aspects), the psychedelic experience is a journey (a set of experiences (trips), integration process, and development, may involve healing), the psychedelic substance is a tool / bridge / vehicle / agent providing access. The study of collocates of the word “psychedelic” also suggests the conceptualization of the psychedelic substances and/or experience as medicine in the analyzed corpus
Kultūrinių realijų pavadinimų vertimas dubliažui: analizės modelis
Full text linkCulture-bound references receive considerable attention from translation scholars, as they are regarded as one of the most difficult challenges that translators face. However, most studies examine the transmission of culture-bound references to the target audience in literary texts, while research that would examine the translation of culture-bound references in audiovisual discourse involving additional constraints is somewhat limited. Dubbing is considered to be one of the most challenging modes of audiovisual translation, mainly due to the synchronization applied to it. This paper presents a model for the analysis of the translation of culture-bound references dedicated specifically to dubbing. The authors of the paper discuss the complexity of the concept of culture-bound references, their categorization and the taxonomies of their translation procedures. The article discusses the specifics of dubbing, the typology of synchronies applied in dubbing and restrictions posed by it on the translation of culture-bound references.Kultūrinių realijų pavadinimai sulaukia nemenko mokslininkų dėmesio, nes laikomi vienu sudėtingiausių vertėjams kylančių iššūkių. Nepaisant to, daugumoje darbų tiriamas kultūrinių realijų pavadinimų perteikimas kitakalbei auditorijai rašytiniuose tekstuose, o negausiuose audiovizualiniam diskursui skirtuose darbuose menkai atsižvelgiama į papildomus polisemiotinio teksto ribojimus. Vienas sudėtingiausių audiovizualinio vertimo būdų – dubliavimas dėl jam taikomos sinchronizacijos. Straipsnyje pateikiamas kultūrinių realijų pavadinimų vertimo modelis, skirtas būtent dubliuotiems kūriniams analizuoti. Taip pat aptariamas kultūrinių realijų koncepto kompleksiškumas, analizuojamos ir sisteminamos skirtingos kultūrinių realijų pavadinimų kategorizacijos, kultūrinių realijų pavadinimų vertimo taksonomijos. Darbe nagrinėjama dubliavimo kaip audiovizualinio vertimo būdo specifika, sinchronijos tipologija ir jų keliami iššūkiai kultūrinių realijų pavadinimų vertimui
Lietuvių kalbos skiemuo: dėmenų hierarchija ir skiemens svoris
Full text linkThe article aims to establish the hierarchy of Lithuanian syllable constituents and determine how syllables should be interpreted in terms of syllable weight. The empirical data based on 311 000 syllables show that the variety of consonants in the onset is more significant than in the coda. A vowel and a succeeding approximant form the nucleus of a prosodic syllable, which shows strong coherency between a nucleus and a coda. Therefore, a CVC syllable is interpreted as [syllable Onset [rhyme Nucleus Coda]]. The division of Lithuanian syllables into light and heavy can be based on the realization of pitch accent, and it fully coincides with the traditional classification of long and short syllables in Lithuanian linguistics. Short syllables are light, their nucleus is a short vowel, and the number of consonants in the onset and the coda is unimportant. Such syllables account for almost half of all syllables in the database of this research (45%). Long syllables are heavy, and their nucleus may consist of long vowels (30%), diphthongs (12%), or mixed diphthongs (13%). When stressed, heavy syllables are pronounced in two ways: traditionally known as “acute” and “circumflex”. The stress is not dependent on the syllable weight, as both light (short) and heavy (long) syllables can be stressed. However, it has been observed that heavy (long) syllables are stressed more often than light (short) ones. Heavily stressed syllables constitute 25%, while light stressed syllables comprise 11% of all the syllables in this research database.Straipsnyje siekiama išsiaiškinti, kokia yra lietuvių kalbos skiemens dėmenų hierarchija ir kaip interpretuotini skiemenys pagal svorį. Empiriniai vartosenos duomenys, paremti 311 tūkst. skiemenų, rodo, kad pratare priebalsių įvairovė yra didesnė nei ištare. Ištare vartojami balsingieji priebalsiai su balsiu sudaro prozodinio skiemens centrą, tai liudija stiprų ryšį tarp centro ir ištaro. Todėl CVC skiemuo interpretuotinas: [skiemuo Prataras [rimas Centras Ištaras]]. Tradicinė skiemenų klasifikacija į lengvuosius ir sunkiuosius pagal skiemens centro trukmę ir ištaro (ne)buvimą lietuvių kalbai netinka. Lietuvių kalbos skiemenų skirstymas į lengvuosius ir sunkiuosius gali būti grindžiamas priegaidžių realizacija ir visiškai sutampa su tradicine lietuvių kalbotyros ilgųjų ir trumpųjų skiemenų klasifikacija. Trumpieji skiemenys yra lengvieji, jų centrą sudaro trumpasis balsis, priebalsių kiekis periferinėse skiemens dalyse nesvarbus (tokių skiemenų beveik pusė – 45 %). Ilgieji skiemenys yra sunkieji, jų pagrindą sudaro ilgieji balsiai (30 %), dvibalsiai (12 %) ar mišrieji dvigarsiai (13 %). Gavę kirtį, šie skiemenys tariami dvejopai: tvirtagališkai arba tvirtapradiškai. Kirtis nuo skiemens svorio nepriklauso, gali būti kirčiuoti ir lengvieji (trumpieji), ir sunkieji (ilgieji) skiemenys. Tačiau galima pastebėti, kad ilgieji skiemenys kirtį gauna dažniau nei trumpieji (ilgieji kirčiuoti sudaro 25 %, trumpieji kirčiuoti – 11 % visų šio tyrimo skiemenų)
Kiek istorinės informacijos esama dvikalbiuose žodynuose?
Full text linkDuring the development of structuralist semantics, there was a strong emphasis on distinguishing encyclopaedic and linguistic dictionaries. In the latter, any reference to encyclopaedic knowledge should be absent or kept to a minimum. Later it was realised that it is impossible to write a dictionary without using any encyclopaedic explanations. Those explanations make a dictionary more attractive, more interesting to read, and therefore more usable. This is particularly important when preparing bilingual dictionaries because it is two languages and two cultures that are being aligned and compared. As lexica related to cognitive fields (physics, medicine, botany, etc.) is incorporated into the nomenclature of modern dictionaries, relevant encyclopaedic information is then added by way of explanation. Accordingly, this article examines, based on analytical and descriptive methods, how historical knowledge is presented in the micro-and partly macro-structures of four dictionaries: The Great Lithuanian-English Dictionary (2006), Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary (2015), The Great Lithuanian-French Dictionary (2012) and Lithuanian-Norwegian Dictionary (2016).
Vystantis struktūrinei semantikai, buvo itin pabrėžiamas skirtumas tarp enciklopedinių ir lingvistinių žodynų, ir šiuose negalėjo būti jokių enciklopedinių žinių arba jos turėjo būti sumažintos iki minimumo. Vėliau suvokta, kad neįmanoma parengti žodyno nenaudojant enciklopedinių paaiškinimų, kurie padaro žodyną patrauklesnį, įdomesnį skaityti ir taip labiau naudojamą. Tai ypač aktualu rengiant dvikalbius žodynus – juk juose derinamos ne tik dvi kalbos, bet ir dvi kultūros. Šiuolaikinių žodynų antraštynuose yra nemažai leksikos, susijusios su pažintinėmis sritimis (fizika, medicina, botanika ir t. t.), tad joms paaiškinti pateikiama įvairi enciklopedinė informacija. Straipsnyje analizuojamas vienõs iš enciklopedinių žinių srities – istorinių žinių – pateikimas keturių dvikalbių žodynų mikrostruktūroje ir iš dalies makrostruktūroje. Tyrimas atliktas taikant aprašomąjį bei analitinį metodus. Tyrimo šaltiniu pasirinktì šie žodynai: Broniaus Piesarsko Didysis lietuvių-anglų kalbų žodynas (2006), Antano Lyberio Lietuvių-rusų kalbų žodynas (2015), Danguolės Melnikienės Didysis lietuvių-prancūzų kalbų žodynas (2012) ir Evaldos Jakaitienės bei Sturlos Berg-Olsen Lietuvių-norvegų kalbų žodynas (2016)
The Concept of “Thrownness” in Algis Budrys\u27s Short Story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night”
Full text linkThis paper analyses the concept of thrownness and the related notions of immediacy and actuality in a 1961 short science fiction story “Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night” by Algis Budrys. It first defines the concept of thrownness (Geworfenheit), created and coined by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger in his classic book Being and Time, and it explains how this notion can be employed in literary analysis in general and applied to this work in particular. The article then analyses how certain stylistic devices in the short story, namely similes, change of pace and the presentation of an inner conflict in the main character, contribute to the feeling of authenticity. In other words, it attempts to exhibit the means used in a prose work to make it seem more realistic and immediate. Finally, the work also argues that science fiction is in many ways more real than other fictional works. Although it belongs to the genre that has traditionally been denied serious literary merit, the novel view and interpretation of this story aims to disclose new horizons of artistic expression that illuminate human mental and physical frailty and stimulate a valuable inquiry into the meaning of life