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Evaluation of innovative tools for micropollutant research in sewage network
No full textInternational audienc
Préparation et analyse des végétaux consommés par l’Homme dans le contexte des sites et sols pollués
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First step towards understanding the behavior of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (O-PACs) in soils and groundwater
No full textNational audienceObjectives: the aim of this study is to assess O-PAC migration in groundwater in order to know if they could form large contamination plumes in groundwater and therefore trigger a risk for sensitive targets such as drinking water wells. Innovative nature of the proposed topic: O-PAC migration in groundwater and parameters controlling their behavior in soils have never been assessed whereas it is well established in literature that these compounds are toxic, persistent and always present in soils of PAH contaminated sites. Abstract Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (O-PACs) are toxic, persistent, highly leachable and often abundant at PAH contaminated sites. Furthermore, many studies have proven that O-PACs could be formed during and after the application of some remediation techniques on PAH contaminated sites1,2. However, in contrast to the 16 US EPA PAHs classified as priority pollutants and due to the lack of regulations and data regarding their behavior in soils, O-PACs are not included in health risk assessment studies and monitoring programs of PAH contaminated sites. However, these aromatic compounds could as well have an impact and contribute to the risk for human beings and the Environment. This study constitutes an important step in the process of understanding the transfer of these compounds within the soil system and in determining the related parameters that could affect their behavior. Two PAH/O-PAC couples were chosen for this study: fluorene/fluorenone (FLU/FLUone) and acenaphthene/dibenzofuran (ACE/DBFUR). These compounds were primarily selected regarding their available data, the possibility of their laboratory manipulation as well as the similarity in their molecular structures. Sorption isotherms onto a non-contaminated soil were individually determined using controlled batch experiments for all four compounds. Effects of ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio (L/S) on the sorption of FLU and FLUone were furthermore investigated through controlled batch experiments. For both O-PACs and PAHs, experimental data showed that the sorption kinetics were designated by the occurrence of two distinct phases. A fast-initial phase followed by a second much slower sorption process. Sorption equilibrium was achieved within less than 24 hours of mixing while no degradation of the studied compounds was observed. For all studied compounds and in all experimental conditions, linear sorption models best fit the isotherm data. Results revealed that ACE and DBFUR were similarly adsorbed onto the soil where the values of organic carbon-water partition coefficient (Koc) were 1184 and 1153 L/kg, respectively. In the same experimental conditions, Koc of FLU (1931 L/kg) was higher than that of FLUone (1355 L/kg), showing a smaller affinity of FLUone towards the solid phase. Furthermore, decreasing the L/S ratio from 100 L/kg to 50 and 30 L/kg, increased the sorption of FLUone onto the soil by 64 and 77% respectively, while the sorption of FLU was slightly increased by 13 and 31% respectively. Moreover, increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase by a factor of 6 favored 2 the sorption of FLUone by 62% while the sorption of FLU slightly decreased by 13%. These results provided meaningful first information regarding O-PAC behavior in soils: highly soluble O-PACs such as FLUone could easily migrate in groundwater, form larger contamination plumes than PAHs and reach drinking water wells. In addition, the difference in PAH and O-PAC behavior when decreasing the L/S ratio and increasing the ionic strength is a first hint that mechanisms responsible for O-PAC fate and transport in soils could be different than the ones responsible for PAH retention in soils. Further studies are in progress at different scales (lab and field scales) in order to better understand the migration potential of O-PACs
Pluralisme juridique, sécurité industrielle et globalisation : une étude de cas dans la chimie
No full textInternational audienceThis article describes the management of process safety in a Frenchindustrial site of a US transnational chemical company. The actors of thisFrench subsidiary of an US group are subject to several regulations andstandards at national level, but also at a supra national level, especiallyEuropean. They must implement them in a particular socio-technicalcontext that requires adaptations. These adjustments are often thesubject of various negotiations between the actors of the factory underconsideration, with the actors of the group (corporate) and the nationalcontrol authorities. These actors have indeed to deal with the processsafety management regulation developed in the US at the federal leveland translated into production and safety standards (procedures, tools,etc.) to regulate process safety in an increasingly homogeneous mannerin the various sites around the world. It is therefore an empiricalpresentation of legal pluralism that this text invites.Cet article vise à mettre en évidence les nombreuses frontières au sein desquelles ou par-delà lesquelles s’organise la gouvernance de la sécurité industrielle dans une entreprise de chimie fine. Les acteurs de cette filiale française d’un groupe américain sont soumis à plusieurs réglementations et normes au niveau national, mais aussi supranational, notamment européen. Ils doivent les mettre en œuvre dans un contexte sociotechnique particulier impliquant des adaptations. Ces ajustements sont souvent l’objet de négociations variées entre les acteurs de l’usine considérée, avec les acteurs du groupe et les autorités de contrôle. Les acteurs de l’usine doivent aussi composer avec l’approche de gestion des risques développée aux États-Unis et traduite dans des standards de production et de sécurité (procédures, outils) pour réguler de manière de plus en plus homogène la sécurité dans les divers sites répartis autour du monde. Ce texte invite donc à une présentation empirique du pluralisme juridique
Seismic repeaters linked to weak rock-mass creep in deep excavation mining
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Development of a hepato-pulmonary in vitro model for the toxicological study of inhaled pollutants
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Composés perfluoroalkylés et santé reproductive masculine : est-ce que le PFOA et le PFOS augmentent le risque d’infertilité ?
No full textInternational audienceIssue de la chimie de synthèse organique, l’acide perfluoro-octanoïque (PFOA) et l’acide perfluoro-octane-sulfonique (PFOS) se caractérisent par la longueur de leurs demi-vies et par la multiplicité des voies d’exposition liée à leurs présences dans l’ensemble des milieux environnementaux. Cette synthèse présente une revue de la littérature des études épidémiologiques et toxicologiques suggérant une forte variété d’effets suspectés sur la fertilité masculine
Multistate models of developmental toxicity: Application to valproic acid-induced malformations in the zebrafish embryo
No full textInternational audienceFor the determination of acute toxicity of chemicals in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, the OECD test guideline 236, relative to the Fish Embryo Toxicity Test (FET), stipulates a dose-response analysis of four lethal core endpoints and a quantitative characterization of abnormalities including their time-dependency. Routinely, the data are analyzed at the different observation times separately. However, observations at a given time strongly depend on the previous effects and should be analyzed jointly with them. To solve this problem, we developed multistate models for occurrence of developmental malformations and live events in zebrafish embryos exposed to eight concentrations of valproic acid (VPA) the first five days of life. Observations were recorded daily per embryo. We statistically infer on model structure and parameters using a numerical Bayesian framework. Hatching probability rate changed with time and we compared five forms of its time-dependence; a constant rate, a piecewise constant rate with a fixed hatching time at 48 h post fertilization, a piecewise constant rate with a variable hatching time, as well as a Hill and Gaussian form. A piecewise constant function of time adequately described the hatching data. The other transition rates were conditioned on the embryo body concentration of VPA, obtained using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. VPA impacted mostly the malformation probability rate in hatched and non-hatched embryos. Malformation reversion probability rates were lowered by VPA. Direct mortality was low at the concentrations tested, but increased linearly with internal concentration. The model makes full use of data and gives a finer grain analysis of the teratogenic effects of VPA in zebrafish than the OECD-prescribed approach. We discuss the use of the model for obtaining toxicological reference values suitable for inter-species extrapolation. A general result is that complex multistate models can be efficiently evaluated numerically
Defining the Human-Biota Thresholds of Toxicological Concern for Organic Chemicals in Freshwater: The Proposed Strategy of the LIFE VERMEER Project Using VEGA Tools
No full textInternational audienceSeveral tons of chemicals are released every year into the environment and it is essential to assess the risk of adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Risk assessment is expensive and time-consuming and only partial information is available for many compounds. A consolidated approach to overcome this limitation is the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for assessment of the potential health impact and, more recently, eco-TTCs for the ecological aspect. The aim is to allow a safe assessment of substances with poor toxicological characterization. Only limited attempts have been made to integrate the human and ecological risk assessment procedures in a “One Health” perspective. We are proposing a strategy to define the Human-Biota TTCs (HB-TTCs) as concentrations of organic chemicals in freshwater preserving both humans and ecological receptors at the same time. Two sets of thresholds were derived: general HB-TTCs as preliminary screening levels for compounds with no eco- and toxicological information, and compound-specific HB-TTCs for chemicals with known hazard assessment, in terms of Predicted No effect Concentration (PNEC) values for freshwater ecosystems and acceptable doses for human health. The proposed strategy is based on freely available public data and tools to characterize and group chemicals according to their toxicological profiles. Five generic HB-TTCs were defined, based on the ecotoxicological profiles reflected by the Verhaar classes, and compound-specific thresholds for more than 400 organic chemicals with complete eco- and toxicological profiles. To complete the strategy, the use of in silico models is proposed to predict the required toxicological properties and suitable models already available on the VEGAHUB platform are listed