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Differential impact of government lockdown policies on reducing air pollution levels and related mortality in Europe
No full textInternational audiencePrevious studies have reported a decrease in air pollution levels following the enforcement of lockdown measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these investigations were mostly based on simple pre-post comparisons using past years as a reference and did not assess the role of different policy interventions. This study contributes to knowledge by quantifying the association between specific lockdown measures and the decrease in NO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 levels across 47 European cities. It also estimated the number of avoided deaths during the period. This paper used new modelled data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to define business-as-usual and lockdown scenarios of daily air pollution trends. This study applies a spatio-temporal Bayesian non-linear mixed effect model to quantify the changes in pollutant concentrations associated with the stringency indices of individual policy measures. The results indicated non-linear associations with a stronger decrease in NO2 compared to PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at very strict policy levels. Differences across interventions were also identified, specifically the strong effects of actions linked to school/workplace closure, limitations on gatherings, and stay-at-home requirements. Finally, the observed decrease in pollution potentially resulted in hundreds of avoided deaths across Europe
Innovations in analytical methods to assess the occurrence of microplastics in soil
No full textInternational audienceThe occurrence of microplastics (MPs, particles <5 mm) in the environment has raised concerns globally due to their extensive use, slow degradation, low recycling rates, and potential risks to the ecosystem and human health. In the last decade, research on MPs in soil ecosystems has increased but is relatively limited compared to studies on MPs in aquatic environments. The soil matrix complexity and the ubiquitous presence of MPs in the environment make the analytical method development, validation, and Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures challenging to analyze MPs in soil. This review paper comprehensively summarizes the emerging techniques and state-of-the-art methods for extracting, analyzing, and characterizing MPs in soil. The choice in analytical technique ultimately relies on the research objectives, whether polymer type, morphological information, quantity, or the presence of MPs in soil is of interest. Among the reviewed studies, globally, a broad range of concentrations (up to 6.9 × 105 particles/kg) of MPs was observed. However, the data was mainly limited to China. Lastly, the validation of analytical methods, QA/QC procedures, and recommendations for future research are addressed. There are no standardized methods to analyze MPs in soil and validate analytical processes, making it difficult to compare methods and results among studies, resulting in large differences in reported results between laboratories participating in interlaboratory studies. This indicates a need to improve and further develop more robust and efficient analytical techniques for analyzing MPs in soil, conduct more interlaboratory studies, manufacture and use certified reference materials, and promote large-scale monitoring research globally
Développement d'une méthodologie multi-aléas post-miniers en France
No full textInternational audienceDéveloppement d'une méthodologie multi-aléas post-miniers en Franc
Multi-annual source apportionment and absorbing properties of organic aerosols in northern France
No full textInternational audienceTo quantify accurately the adverse effects of the particulate matter (PM) fine fraction on climate, it is necessary to identify emission sources and associate them with aerosol radiative properties over long periods. Source apportionment is a useful tool to quantify PM contributions especially for organic aerosols (OA). Four years of real-time optical and chemical observations were combined to characterize OA sources and their absorbing properties at the ATOLL platform in Northern France. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) shows high contribution (74%) of oxygenated OA (OOA), followed by 14% of BBOA (due to biomass burning) and 12% of HOA (related to traffic) on average for the mass concentrations. Meanwhile, OA are responsible for 27% of light absorption at 370 nm, showing a significant contribution of Brown Carbon (BrC). A Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis applied to determine source-specific Mass Absorption Efficiencies (MAE) of the OA factors highlights BBOA as the dominant source of BrC light absorption (64%)
The role of MNEs in the prevention of industrial accidents
No full textInternational audienceFrench chemical companies on studying major hazards prevention through an understanding of multiple interactions between artefacts, internal and external actors, organisation and institutions (Dupré/Le Coze, 2021a). We studied 5 companies, spending several weeks observing and interviewing people representing different expertise, from control room operators to plant manager. Our aim through this panel of chemical plants, following Short’s proposition, is to study « the social transformation of risk prevention » : « Institutions and communities, nations and economies are affected by choices made as to hazards to be attended to and risks to be tolerated or resisted. It is with regard to theses contexts that the nature of risks and risk perception can be informed by sociology. » (Short, 1984, p.716)So, to complement to the traditional approach exploring the regulator-regulatee relationships in national contexts (Dupré/Le Coze, 2009), we look into the practices of people in subsidiaries in their mediating roles between two different types of external entities, on the one hand the corporate functions of the MNEs and on the other hand, the national regulators. From this angle, we learn from their modes of interactions supporting the improvement of safety practices. We follow a bottom-up methodological approach, giving us the opportunity to think about the inter-organisational boundaries and the mutual power of both the subsidiaries and the MNEs in a globalised context (Le Coze, 2017). In other words, we not only show in this paper « an example of the most common contemporary form of organizational accommodation to legal rules » (Silbey/Agrawal, 2011, p.86), but a more complex situation of organisational accommodation to both regulatory national rules and MNE’s (internal) standards
Assessment of the in-vitro biological responses induced by SOA formed from the oxidation of PAHs and furans by OH or NO3 radicals
No full textInternational audienc
Joint behaviour during shear process using an innovative equivalent geometrical and 3D printing technology
No full textInternational audienceThe morphology of rock joints has been recognized as the key factor controlling its mechanical behavior, including its pre-peak and post peak phases. It is playing a significant role in joint aperture in association with asperities crushing, and rock matrix yielding deformation. The purpose of the paper is to examine how the joint aperture or closure occur in the joint, discussing the relationship with normal stress, joint morphology and intact matrix mechanical properties. To do this, an innovative methodology based on 3DP technology using a sand and phenolic binder was applied to construct the matrix and joint. The surface roughness was considered to have fractal properties with a self–affine replication, in accordance with natural observations. The constructed joint underwent eighteen shear tests with constant normal stress. Preliminary results revealed that, for each of pre-peak and post-peak phases, the joint behavior was controlled by a specific range of asperities sizes. Three behaviors were observed depending on the applied normal stress: (i) at low normal stress the waviness causes dilation; (ii) at normal stress over 40% of the UCS value, tensile and/or slip cracks are observed around the waviness, led to a crushing and beheading of these asperities; (iii) at intermediate normal stress, the two mechanisms were conjointly observed
Projet NEUROPHYTO : Evaluation des effets sur le neurodéveloppement de l’exposition prénatale et postnatale aux produits phytopharmaceutiques
No full textNational audienceLes périodes prénatale et néonatale constituent des fenêtres de sensibilité particulières vis-à-vis des contaminants chimiques de l’environnement. Un nombre croissant d’études épidémiologiques et toxicologiques suggère que l’exposition aux pesticides pendant ces périodes pourrait impacter la santé des enfants à la naissance ainsi que leur développement, avec des retentissements possibles tout au long de la vie. Le projet NEUROPHYTO a comme premier objectif de décrire l’exposition de 200 enfants de la cohorte nationale Elfe à une large gamme de produits phytosanitaires, allant de la période in utero aux 3 ans et demi grâce aux dosages de biomarqueurs d’exposition dans les urines et dans les cheveux.Une évaluation de l’exposition interne notamment au niveau de tissus cibles tels que le cerveau sera réalisée grâce à des modèles toxicocinétiques à fondement physiologique pour la petite enfance. Une fois ces profils de doses internes établis pour les enfants, deux grands volets seront mis en œuvre afin de développer les connaissances sur les liens entre expositions et effets sur le neurodéveloppement. Un premier volet sera consacré à la mise en œuvre d’une approche épidémiologique basée sur l’étude des données sur le développement neuropsychologique et moteur des enfants de la cohorte Elfe. Le second volet sera dédié à l’amélioration des connaissances mécanistiques sur les liens entre l’exposition aux produits phytosanitaires et l’apparition de troubles neurodéveloppementaux, via des méthodologies innovantes. Des modèles computationnels seront développés et de nouveaux ‘adverse outcome pathways’ (AOPs) seront proposés.Ce projet permettra d’appuyer les politiques publiques en apportant des éléments ciblés sur les fenêtres de sensibilité pré- et post-natales ainsi qu’une analyse des valeurs toxicologiques de référence existantes incluant la proposition de valeurs dédiées à l’évaluation des risques d’effets neurodéveloppementaux chez les enfants
