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Ignition energy and flame propagation in ethylene oxide- air mixtures
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Introduction to the AQ-WATCH Project and the AQ-WATCH Toolkit to fight air pollution
No full textInternational audienceBackground: WHO states that 9 out of 10 persons in the world do not breath clean air and 8 million people die prematurely from air pollution each year. The problem is well understood, but actions to mitigate it are lacking. The purpose of the EU-funded AQ-WATCH Project is precisely to develop effective tools based on the most advanced science technologies to help decision-makers in government and the private sector to address air pollution issues in regions of the world where they operate. Objectives: AQ-WATCH aims to develops a supply chain to generate innovative downstream products for improving air quality forecasts and attribution based on existing space/in-situ observations to improve public health and to optimize renewable energy in regions of the world. The project consortium includes research and business-oriented partners, who brings together the required expertise to define the optimal functionalities of these products to bring them to the market. Results: The AQ-WATCH products are organized into 5 modules: (1) Air quality atlas, (2) Air quality attribution & mitigation, (3) Dust and fire forecast, (4) Fracking analysis, and (5) Air quality forecast. They are developed for 3 target regions (Beijing, Colorado and Santiago de Chile) and are integrated into a unified user-interface, the AQ-WATCH Toolkit. Product developers and prime users in the target regions are constantly interacting, and the user feedback is collected, analyzed and included during the product development.Conclusions: Collaborative work done in AQ-WATCH shows strategic interaction between our research and business-oriented partners. Contributions from local parties are proven to be valuable for regional adaption of the products. A throughout dissemination including regional workshops is essential to ensure proper knowledge uptake by the target audience. Constant exchange with the private sector is required for a smooth transfer from scientific results to commercialized marketable products. Key messages:• The AQ-WATCH Project follows EU’s initiative to utilize its space observations with added values to develop easily-accessible tools to fight air pollution applicable to regions of the world. • The AQ-WATCH Toolkit is developed with iterative feedback exchanges between product developers and local users to address air pollution issues, and will be eventually exploited to the market
Evaluation of the new 4D-variational inverse modeling system, CIF-CHIMERE: Inversion of NOx emissions over China using OMI NO2 observations
No full textInternational audience<p>Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) are primary pollutants that are mainly produced by anthropogenic activities. They play a key role in oxidation processes in the troposphere. They control the photochemical production of Ozone (O3) and affect the concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), thus causing air quality degradation. Industrialized countries with high air quality degradation such as China, are implementing mitigation strategies with the aim of improving air quality. The evaluation of these strategies requires having precise and rapidly updated emission inventories. Inverse modeling approaches based on satellite observations are useful tools as they can provide independent inventories to complement the traditional bottom-up inventories. In this study, we propose to evaluate the potential of the new 4D-Var inverse modeling system, CIF (Community Inversion Framework), coupled with the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model to inverse NOx emissions. We focus on the case study of NOx emissions over China for the year 2015 and use OMI satellite NO2 observations as constraints. The HTAP NOx emissions from 2010 are used to prescribe prior emissions and the inversion is performed at 0.5&#176; resolution. The posterior NOx emissions are validated against surface NO2 concentration measurements and compared to the recent MEIC bottom-up inventory from the year 2015.</p>
Évaluation des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs biologiques de référence pour l’oxyde de styrène (n° CAS 96-09-3): Avis de l’AnsesRapport d’expertise collective
No full textCitation suggérée:Anses. (2022). Document relatif à l’expertise en vue de la fixation de valeurs limites d’exposition à des agents chimiques en milieu professionnel- Évaluation des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs biologiques de référence pour l’oxyde de styrène (n° CAS 96-09-3). (saisine 2018-SA-0032). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 80 p.Biological monitoring of exposure in the workplace has emerged as a complementary method to atmospheric metrology for assessing exposure to chemical agents. Biological monitoring assesses a worker’s exposure by including all the routes by which a chemical penetrates the body (lung, skin, digestive tract). It is particularly worthwhile when a substance has a systemic effect, and:- when routes other than inhalation contribute significantly to absorption,- and/or when the pollutant has a cumulative effect - and/or when the working conditions (personal protection equipment, inter-individual differences in respiratory ventilation, etc.) determine large differences in internal dose that are not taken into account by atmospheric metrology.With regard to prevention of chemical risk in the workplace, the French Labour Code provides for the use of biological monitoring of exposure and biological limit values.Committee definitions Biomarker of exposure (BME): parent substance, or one of its metabolites, determined in a biological matrix, whose variation is associated with exposure to the targeted agent. Biomarkers of early and reversible effects are included in this definition when they can be specifically correlated to occupational exposure. Biological limit value (BLV): This is the limit value for the relevant biomarkers.Depending on the available data, the recommended biological limit values do not all have the same meaning: - if the body of scientific evidence is sufficient to quantify a dose-response relationship with certainty, the BLVs will be established on the basis of health data (no effect for threshold substances or risk levels for non-threshold carcinogens);- in the absence of such data for substances with threshold effects, BLVs are calculated on the basis of the expected concentration of the biomarker of exposure (BME) when the worker is exposed to the 8-hour OEL. For carcinogens, in the absence of sufficient quantitative data, the biological limit value is calculated on the basis of another effect (pragmatic BLV). These latter values do not guarantee the absence of health effects, but aim to limit exposure to these substances in the workplace.Whenever possible, the Committee also recommends biological reference values (BRVs). These correspond to concentrations found in a general population whose characteristics are similar to those of the French population (preferentially for BMEs) or in a control population not occupationally exposed to the substance under study (preferentially for biomarkers of effects).These BRVs cannot be considered to offer protection from the onset of health effects, but do allow a comparison with the concentrations of biomarkers assayed in exposed workers. These values are particularly useful in cases where it is not possible to establish a BLV (ANSES, 2017).Le suivi biologique des expositions en milieu professionnel s’est imposé comme une méthode complémentaire à la métrologie atmosphérique pour l’évaluation des expositions à des agents chimiques. La surveillance biologique permet d’évaluer l’exposition d’un travailleur en intégrant toutes les voies de pénétration de l’agent chimique dans l’organisme (poumon, peau, tube digestif). Elle est plus particulièrement pertinente lorsque les substances ont un effet systémique et :- lorsque d’autres voies que l’inhalation contribuent largement à l’absorption ;- et/ou lorsque le polluant est cumulatif ;- et/ou lorsque les conditions de travail (équipements de protection individuelle, différences interindividuelles de la ventilation respiratoire…) déterminent d’importantes différences de dose interne que la métrologie atmosphérique ne prend pas en compte.En France, le code du travail dans le cadre de la prévention du risque chimique en milieu professionnel prévoit le recours à la surveillance biologique des expositions et aux valeurs limites biologiques.Définitions du CES :Indicateur biologique d’exposition (IBE) : c’est la substance mère, ou un de ses métabolites, dosé(e) dans un milieu biologique, dont la variation est associée à une exposition à l’agent visé par l’IBE. Des indicateurs biologiques d’effets précoces et réversibles s’ajoutent à cette définition dans la mesure où ils peuvent être spécifiquement corrélés à l’exposition professionnelle.Valeur limite biologique (VLB) : c’est la valeur limite des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition pertinents.En fonction des données disponibles, les valeurs limites biologiques recommandées n’ont pas la même signification : - si le corpus de données scientifiques est suffisant pour quantifier avec certitude une relation dose/réponse, les valeurs limites biologiques (VLB) seront construites sur la base de données sanitaires (absence d’effet pour les substances à seuil ou niveaux de risque pour les substances cancérogènes sans seuil) ;- en l’absence de telles données, pour les substances à seuil d’effet, la VLB sera calculée sur la base de la concentration attendue de l’IBE lorsque le travailleur est exposé à la VLEP-8h. Pour les substances cancérogènes, en l’absence de données quantitatives suffisantes, c’est sur la base d’un autre effet qu’une valeur limite biologique sera calculée (VLB pragmatique). Ces dernières valeurs ne garantissent pas de l’absence d’effets sanitaires, mais visent à limiter les expositions à ces substances sur les lieux de travail.Le CES recommande également, lorsque cela est possible, des valeurs biologiques de référence (VBR). Elles correspondent à des concentrations retrouvées dans une population générale dont les caractéristiques sont proches de celles de la population française (préférentiellement pour les indicateurs biologiques d’exposition) ou dans une population de témoins non professionnellement exposés à la substance étudiée (préférentiellement pour les indicateurs biologiques d’effets).Ces VBR ne peuvent être considérées comme protectrices de l’apparition d’effets sanitaires ; elles permettent cependant une comparaison avec les concentrations d’indicateurs biologiques d’exposition mesurées chez des professionnels exposés. Ces valeurs sont particulièrement intéressantes dans les cas où il n’est pas possible d’élaborer une VLB (Anses, 2017)
Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change
No full textInternational audienceAirborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide range of particle sizes with diverse chemical composition. Organic aerosols may be emitted (primary organic aerosols, POA), or formed in the atmosphere following reaction of volatile organic compounds (secondary organic aerosols, SOA), but some of these compounds may partition between the gas and aerosol phases depending upon ambient conditions. This review focuses on carbonaceous PM and gaseous precursors emitted by road traffic, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are clearly linked to the evolution and formation of carbonaceous species. Clearly, the solid fraction of PM has been reduced during the last two decades, with the implementation of after-treatment systems abating approximately 99% of primary solid particle mass concentrations. However, the role of brown carbon and its radiative effect on climate and the generation of ultrafine particles by nucleation of organic vapour during the dilution of the exhaust remain unclear phenomena and will need further investigation. The increasing role of gasoline vehicles on carbonaceous particle emissions and formation is also highlighted, particularly through the chemical and thermodynamic evolution of organic gases and their propensity to produce particles. The remaining carbon-containing particles from brakes, tyres and road wear will still be a problem even in a future of full electrification of the vehicle fleet. Some key conclusions and recommendations are also proposed to support the decision makers in view of the next regulations on vehicle emissions worldwide
Association between air pollution levels and drug sales for allergies in 63 million people in metropolitan France in 2013.
No full textInternational audience1.Objective: To assess the short-term effects of air pollution on the sale of anti-allergy drugs, both prescribed and over the count as a proxy of disease activity, in metropolitan France in 2013 at the departmental level.2.Methods: We carried out a descriptive analysis of the distribution of drug sales for the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system R06 (Antihistamines for systemic use), as well as the distribution of major air pollutants, namely Particulate Matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5), Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A Quasi-Poisson regression with a generalized additive model (GAM) was performed to estimate the short-term relationship between air pollution and drug sales. Unadjusted and adjusted single-pollutant models were generated, as well as bipollutant models. Relative risks, crude or adjusted, and 95% Confidence Interval were estimated from these models.3.Results: NO2 and PM10 were significantly positively associated with drug sales for the R06 therapeutic class, in the adjusted model with one pollutant (RRa = 1.034 (95% IC = 1.028-1.039) and (RRa = 1.043 (95% IC = 1.034-1.051) respectively). NO2 and PM10 remained significantly positively associated with anti-allergic medication sales in bipollutant models. No significant relationship was found for PM2.5.4.Conclusions: Our study confirms the presence of a short-term association between NO2, and PM10 and the sale of anti-allergy drugs thus confirming previous observations on the impact of air pollution on allergies activity. Further studies on larger databases and over several years are necessary to better understand these results
A monitoring-based management approach for Natech-related risks: reflection from a case study
No full textInternational audienceNatech risk management is an example of the difficulty of understanding and dynamically monitoring several physical phenomena in order to prepare a decision to adapt an industrial tool. On the one hand, the models on which to base the decision are very contextual and complex, integrating several hypotheses to be controlled. On the other hand, there are choices to be made concerning the parameters to be followed. Finally, there is a management of modifications, the analysis and monitoring processes being iterative. The monitoring must allow to trigger the eventual decision, and/or to lead to the evolution of the models and/or the choice of new monitoring parameters. We will present this difficulty from the case of an installation located at the seaside, confronted with a risk of submersion/flooding due to the recession of the coastline, to the erosion of the dunes, to the possible bypassing of the dunes during storms, to the rise of the water table during storms. This problem is obviously linked to global warming, but not only. It is also a contextual situation, aggravated by developments carried out over the last forty years by a municipality close to the site to avoid a coastal risk, and by the operating choices of several other industrialists nearby. How can we monitor the evolution of these phenomena and their potential impact on the integrity of installations? How to define selection criteria? How can global models and contextual factors be articulated? How to put this work in perspective with regulatory requirements? How can we bring together in a simple process the many actors who will participate in these analyses, follow-up actions and decisions? Our purpose is to discuss the mode of organization of expertise and knowledge that we envisage, which consists in using digital technology to co-construct: 1/ the models adapted to the case study and to the characteristics of the decision to be served, 2/ the analyses and choice of parameters to be monitored, 3/ the monitoring systems, 4/ the principles of the decision, 5/ the management of changes at all levels (model, parameter, monitoring, decision). All this with the concern of giving the actors to follow a scientific method where uncertainty management plays a central role
A synthesis of large-scale modeling for an intermediate-level-long-lived waste repository in the Callovo-Oxfodian claystone
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