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The Development of a Holistic IT Platform for Major Risk Assessment and Management: The MIRA Tool
No full textInternational audienceThere are natural human cognitive biases that affect many aspects of our activities, including major risk management. Some of these have a common characteristic, namely the reification process related to our tendency to selectively seek or interpret information in a way that confirms our representations of reality, and which can lead to forgetting that our representations are in some way abstractions, or hypotheses, and as such, must be continually questioned, analysed and checked against reality. The moment we forget that the correspondence between our representations and reality is only a conditional truth and requires constant verification, is the moment when most human and organizational errors in major risk management can occur. How to fight against this? This is the question that preoccupied us during ten years of research, starting within the European Tosca project (see Leva et al. 2019, Anzirsi et al. 2019), and that still haunts us today. This article presents the problem to be solved and the envisaged solution, based on an IT tool allowing to organize the dialogue between the risk assessment and management stakeholders. This solution has been designed with the SNOI, which is responsible for the French part of the NATO pipeline network in Central Europe
Risk Analysis: Challenges and Perspectives
No full textInternational audienceRisk analysis (RA) is at the heart of the risk management process and has been the subject of methodological,reflective or critical questions for many years. These questions challenge the foundations, practice and uses ofrisk analysis (Escande et al, 2016). Drawing on work in science and technology studies (STS), many authorsemphasise the subjective, constructed and historically situated nature of risk analysis as opposed to a visionthat would be objective and purely rational, detached from contexts. This methodological, reflective and criticalknowledge is particularly important in a context of major global changes (Le Coze, 2020). In France, RA isframed by regulations which require operators to produce a safety case. The AZF accident (2001) changedthe regulations (Bachelot law of 2003) integrating the probability and greater consideration of the territories andtheir issues through consultation mechanisms. For the past ten years or so, there have been few developmentsor questioning of these post-AZF developments. However, RA are confronted with new changes, this time nolonger regulatory but digital and environmental. These changes tend to modify the threats, vulnerabilities,expectations and objectives of RA. The purpose of this text is to explore this new context. In the first part, criticalwork on RA is introduced in order to consider its limits. This clarification is followed by a presentation of initiativesthat develop new perspectives on RA then by a discussion
Using environmental monitoring data from apex predators for chemicals management: towards harmonised sampling and processing of archived wildlife samples to increase the regulatory uptake of monitoring data in chemicals management
No full textInternational audienceMonitoring data from apex predators were key drivers in the development of early chemicals legislations due to the population declines of many species during the twentieth century, which was linked to certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Besides triggering the development of global treaties (e.g. the Stockholm Convention), chemical monitoring data from apex predators have been particularly important for identifying compounds with bioaccumulative properties under field conditions. Many apex predators are protected species and only a few environmental specimen banks (ESBs) regularly collect samples as many ESBs were established during the 1980–1990s when apex predators were scarce. Today, many POPs have been banned, which contributed to the recovery of many apex predator populations. As a consequence, apex predator samples are now available in research collections (RCs) and natural history museums (NHMs). These samples can be used for routine analysis as well as for screening studies using novel analytical techniques and advanced data treatment workflows, such as suspect and non-target screening. The LIFE APEX project has demonstrated how these samples can be used in a cost-efficient way to generate data on legacy compounds and contaminants of emerging concern. Furthermore, it has described quality assurance/control measures to ensure high quality and comparable data, with a view to uses in chemicals risk assessment and management. To increase the visibility of available sample collections and monitoring data from apex predators we developed accessible online database systems. Additionally, the acquired high-resolution mass spectrometric data were stored in a digital sample freezing platform that allows retrospective suspect screening in previously analysed samples for substances that may be of concern/under assessment in the future. These databases provide open access to a wide range of chemical data, for use by regulators, researchers, industry and the general public, and contribute to a stronger link between science and policy
Integrative multi-biomarker approach on caged rainbow trout: A biomonitoring tool for wastewater treatment plant effluents toxicity assessment
No full textInternational audienceThe complex mixtures of contaminants released in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are a major source of pollution for aquatic ecosystems. The present work aimed to assess the environmental risk posed by WWTP effluents by applying a multi-biomarker approach on caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Fish were caged upstream and downstream of a WWTP for 21 days. To evaluate fish health, biomarkers representing immune, reproductive, nervous, detoxification, and antioxidant functions were assayed. Biomarker responses were then synthesized using an Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index. The IBR highlighted similar response patterns for the upstream and downstream sites. Caged juvenile females showed increased activities of innate immune parameters (lysozyme and complement), histological lesions and reduced glycogen content in the hepatic tissue, and higher muscle cholinergic metabolism. However, the intensity of the observed effects was more severe downstream of the WWTP. The present results suggest that the constitutive pollution level of the Meuse River measured upstream from the studied WWTP can have deleterious effects on fish health condition, which are exacerbated by the exposure to WWTP effluents. Our results infer that the application of IBR index is a promising tool to apply with active biomonitoring approaches as it provides comprehensive information about the biological effects caused by point source pollution such as WWTP, but also by the constitutive pollutions levels encountered in the receiving environment
The ‘new view’ of human error. Origins, ambiguities, successes and critiques
No full textInternational audienceOver the past two decades, the ‘new view’ has become a popular term in safety theory and practice. It has however also been criticised, provoking division and controversy. The aim of this article is to clarify the current situation. It describes the origins, ambiguities and successes of the ‘new view’ as well as the critiques formulated. The article begins by outlining the origins of this concept, in the 1980 s and 1990 s, from the cognitive (system) engineering (CSE) school initiated by Rasmussen, Hollnagel and Woods. This differed from Reason’s approach to human error in this period. The article explains how Dekker, in the early 2000 s, translates ideas from the CSE school to coin the term ‘new view’, while also developing, shortly after, an argument against Reason’s legacy that was more radical and critical than his predecessors’. Secondly, the article describes the ambiguities associated with the term ‘new view’ because of the different programs that have derived from CSE (Resilience Engineering – RE then Safety II, Safety Differently, Theory of Graceful Extensibility). The text identifies three programs by different thinkers (methodological, formal and critical) and Dekker’s three eclectic versions of the ‘new view’. Thirdly, the article discusses the successes of the CSE and RE school, showing how it has strongly resonated with many practitioners outside the academic world. Fourthly, the critiques raised within the field of human factors and system safety but also from different traditions (e.g., system safety engineering with Leveson, sociology of safety with Hopkins) are introduced, and discussed
New insight on the risk profile pertaining to lithium-ion batteries under thermal runaway as affected by system modularity and subsequent oxidation regime
No full textInternational audienceIt is now well established that lithium-ion battery technology is a key electrical energy storage device in the fight against the global warming, helping us to make transportation more sustainable and securing intermittent renewable energy sources. The requirement to keep the thermal runaway (TR) hazard under control is among remaining issues for continuous and sustainable use of lithium-ion batteries. This experimental work brings a new insight on the issue, by performing and analyzing of a series of NMC pouch cell internal short circuit tests reflecting progressively the overall level of integration of such cells when modularly assembled in sub-systems to constitute the full pack. While replicating always the same TR triggering procedure in these experiments, our heat, gas and particle emission analyses reveal that the consequences in terms of chemical (e.g. toxic and corrosive) and thermal threats arising from a default cell running into thermal runaway may greatly vary according of the level of integration mocked up during the abuse test. This work also shows that thermochemical reactions/combustion regimes and their transitions following TR (towards possible flaming combustion or simply ending-up by hot gas degassing) are among key determinants of the whole risk pattern
Modelling aerosol molecular markers in a 3D air quality model: Focus on anthropogenic organic markers
No full textInternational audienceWe developed and implemented in the 3D air quality model CHIMERE the formation of several key anthropogenic aerosol markers including one primary anthropogenic marker (levoglucosan) and 4 secondary anthropogenic markers (nitrophenols, nitroguaiacols, methylnitrocatechols and phthalic acid). Modelled concentrations have been compared to measurements performed at 12 locations in France for levoglucosan in winter 2014–15, and at a sub-urban station in the Paris region over the whole year 2015 for secondary molecular markers. While a good estimation of levoglucosan concentrations by the model has been obtained for a few sites, a strong underestimation was simulated for most of the stations especially for western locations due to a probable underestimation of residential wood burning emissions. The simulated ratio between wood burning organic matter and particulate phase levoglucosan is constant only at high OM values (>10 μg m−3) indicating that using marker contribution ratio may be valid only under certain conditions. Concentrations of secondary markers were well reproduced by the model for nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols but were underestimated for methylnitrocatechols and phthalic acid highlighting missing formation pathways and/or precursor emissions. By comparing modelled to measured Gas/Particle Partitioning (GPP) of markers, the simulated partitioning of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) was evaluated. Except for nitroguaiacols and nitrophenols when ideality was assumed, the GPP for all the markers was underestimated and mainly driven by the hydrophilic partitioning. SVOCs GPP, and more generally of all SVOC contributing to the formation of SOA, could therefore be significantly underestimated by air quality models, especially when only the partitioning on the organic phase is considered. Our results show that marker modelling can give insights on some processes (such as precursor emissions or missing mechanisms) involved in SOA formation and could prove especially useful to evaluate the GPP in 3D air quality models
Time and dose-dependent impairment of liver metabolism in Gasterosteus aculeatus following exposure to diclofenac (DCF) highlighted by LC-HRMS untargeted metabolomics
No full textInternational audienceAnthropogenic chemicals as emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, increased worldwide in the environment. This study aimed to apply metabolomics-based approaches on the fish model species three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) exposed to diclofenac (DCF) to identify toxicity pathways and potential biomarkers. For this purpose, males and females were exposed to a continuous flow of diclofenac solution in laboratory for 21 days, followed by 3 days of depuration, to nominal concentrations of 1 (low) and 100 µg/L (high) of DCF. A methodology based on liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was employed. Uni-and multivariate statistical analyses were combined to evaluate the modulations of the liver metabolome of G. aculeatus after exposure to DCF. The metabolomics data revealed variations both as a function of time and of the DCF concentration. We observed 2487 altered metabolites, with 1460 and 1027 specific to males and females, respectively. Some of them were significantly impaired by the experimental conditions. However, we showed that several metabolites were impacted by other factors as they were already modulated in the control individuals. The results indicated that the energy metabolism was up-modulated in females and down-modulated in males, with the presence of DCF. The antioxidant system was impacted in males, suggesting oxidative stress in the metabolism, while the immunity system was down-regulated in females following exposure. Moreover, our results revealed 1 and 4 metabolites as potential metabolic biomarkers in male and female sticklebacks, respectively. Among them, the glutaryl-carnitine and the adipoylcarnitine were putatively identified in females, known to be implicated in the energy metabolism. These 5 metabolites showed to be promising biomarkers since they were early modulated during exposure to the stress and showed a notable trend through time
Micro-capteurs pour le suivi de la qualité de l’air intérieur et extérieur - Volume 1 De l’usage de micro-capteurs à des fins d’évaluation del’exposition individuelle.: Avis de l’AnsesRapports d’expertise collective
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2022). Micro-capteurs pour le suivi de la qualité de l’air intérieur et extérieur. (saisine 2018-SA-00271). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 318 p.International audienceLes micro-capteurs ou capteurs bas coûts, appelés ainsi en raison de leur taille et de leur coût d’achat initial réduit, comparativement aux instruments de mesure utilisés dans les méthodes de référence, connaissent une expansion rapide ces dernières années.Historiquement, les premiers détecteurs de gaz ont été mis en œuvre au 19ème siècle dans l’industrie minière, avec des oiseaux canari utilisés pour la détection de monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de méthane (CH4) en vue de la prévention du risque d’explosion. Parmi les principes physiques de détection, les plus anciens sont basés sur des matériaux de type oxydes métalliques dont le plus connu est le dioxyde d’étain (SnO2) et dont le fonctionnement repose sur la conduction électrique modulée par l’absorption de gaz. Ce principe a été mis en évidence pour la première fois en 1953 par Brattain et Bardeen puis Heiland en 1954 . Le premier dispositif de détection utilisant un oxyde métallique fut conçu en 1962 par Seiyama . Le premier brevet fut déposé par le Japonais Taguchi de la société FIGARO. Cette société commença la commercialisation de ces capteurs en 1970 et reste aujourd’hui un des leaders du marché. Depuis de nombreux travaux ont été consacrés à l’amélioration des éléments sensibles, notamment en ce qui concerne les procédés de fabrication et de mise en forme du matériau, l’utilisation de dopants, de traitements physico-chimiques afin d’améliorer la sensibilité et la sélectivité de l’élément sensible. La miniaturisation de l’électronique associée a également été un des axes de recherche majeurs.Le marché global des micro-capteurs connait une forte expansion depuis 2010. Selon le cabinet d’étude de marché « Market Research Future », le marché mondial devrait peser 8,5 milliards de dollars (USD) en 2027, avec un taux de croissance annuel de 10,5% de 2021 à 2027.En France, les premières entreprises ont éclos dans les années 2000 avec CAIRPOL (créée en 2006) ou Ecologicsense du groupe TERA (créée en 2011) avec des programmes de recherche destinés à développer les éléments sensibles, ou Ethéra (créée en 2010) dans le domaine de l’air intérieur. Après une première phase en laboratoire, les premières expérimentations publiques ont lieu dans les années 2010 (e.g. dans le cadre de Futur en Seine 2009 la FING2 a développé une montre verte avec un semi-conducteur de chez MICS, ou encore l’association de sciences citoyennes Labo Citoyens créée en 2012 qui a organisé entre 2013 et 2015 plusieurs campagnes de mesures citoyennes de qualité de l’air en partenariat avec l’association Respire ou la Ville de Paris).Aujourd’hui le marché est florissant avec près de 60 000 références sur les plateformes de vente en ligne, mais plusieurs limites des micro-capteurs actuellement commercialisés sont cependant évoquées : leur consommation énergétique et leur prix de revient plus élevé que ce qui était attendu, mais aussi la complexité de leur électronique associée, leur manque de sélectivité ou leur justesse limitée. Par ailleurs, l’émergence des micro/nanosystèmes permet le développement de dispositifs miniatures, portables, « intelligents », intégrant l’élément sensible, l’alimentation, l’électronique de traitement du signal, l’électronique numérique d’analyse, les modules de conversion et de communication, qui présentent eux-mêmes parfois certaines limitations (pertes de connexion/ d’information, autonomie limitée, flou autour de la sécurisation des données personnelles, etc.).[Ce rapport contient 2 parties :Volume 1 " De l'usage de micro-capteurs à des fins d'évaluation de l'exposition individuelle "Volume 2 " Mesures citoyennes de qualité de l'air. Figures, Savoirs, Actions "