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Projet tripode : dynamiser la revalorisation des friches en améliorant la norme triade et en facilitant son transfert aux bureaux d’études
No full textInternational audienc
Exploring the error matrix calculation for Q-ACSM used in the PMF analysis
No full textInternational audienc
5-year analysis of submicron aerosol chemical composition and organic aerosol source apportionment at a suburban site in North-Western Europe
No full textNational audienc
Combinatorial pathway disruption is a powerful approach to delineate metabolic impacts of endocrine disruptors
No full textInternational audienceThe prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and chronic liver diseases among others, has been rising for several years. Epidemiology and mechanistic ( in vivo , in vitro and in silico ) toxicology have recently provided compelling evidence implicating the chemical environment in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this review, we will describe the biological processes that contribute to the development of metabolic diseases targeted by metabolic disruptors, and will propose an integrated pathophysiological vision of their effects on several organs. With regard to these pathomechanisms, we will discuss the needs, and the stakes of evolving the testing and assessment of endocrine disruptors to improve the prevention and management of metabolic diseases that have become a global epidemic since the end of last century
Lever le voile sur les explosions de brouillard d'hydrocarbures : une nouvelle procédure pour déterminer l'inflammabilité et l'explosivité des rejets de brouillard
No full textIn a world where fuels are indispensable and ubiquitous in nearly every industry, attention should be paid to the dangers they might cause. Indeed, numerous incidents have occurred throughout the years due to accidental fuel releases in the form of mists, resulting in explosions and human and material losses. Nevertheless, while standards and regulations for flammable gases/vapours and dust are well-established, those for liquid aerosols remain less so. This is mainly due to the lack of means of characterisation, available data, and scientific knowledge in such a matter. The objective of this study is to propose a complete procedure allowing the evaluation of the ignition sensitivity and explosion severity of fuel mist clouds. Suitable prevention, protection and mitigation measures can then be implemented in a harmonised and systematic way. For this study, seven fuels of different physicochemical properties and industrial uses were chosen. A gravity-fed mist generation system, which is relatively easy to find and controllable, was designed to mimic industrial leaks and ruptures while remaining adjustable to a laboratory-scale apparatus. Based on a Venturi junction, the system was equipped with twin-fluid nozzle sets with varying orifice diameters. Subsequently, modifications were made to the standardised 20 L explosion sphere used for dust explosion tests to accommodate the mist generation system. Moreover, a control and data acquisition system with customised software was specifically developed to ensure the safe operation of the test equipment and optimal interpretation of the experimental data. Once the test apparatus was ready and validated, characterisation tests took place. Three nozzle sets were chosen with a maximum attainable mist concentration of about 800 g.m⁻³ and droplet diameters ranging between 5 µm and 100 µm. The mist cloud's droplet size distribution was examined using an in-situ laser diffraction sensor. Moreover, Particle Image Velocimetry was performed to determine the level of turbulence of the cloud inside the equipment throughout the injection process up to the moment of ignition. Experimental findings also allowed the proposition of a correlation that predicts the Sauter Mean Diameter of a mist cloud generated using a twin-fluid nozzle based on the characteristics of the fluid and the injection conditions. Subsequently, a complete modus operandi was established and proposed after calibration and validation tests. The pre-characterised mist cloud would then be ignited under different conditions to determine the ignition sensitivity and explosion severity of the seven selected fuels in a single apparatus. It was seen that the fuels could be classified into three minimum ignition energy classes ranging from less than 130 mJ to 5 kJ. The lower explosion limit and the limiting oxygen concentration were also determined. Moreover, it was observed that a smaller DSD, a higher initial temperature, and a more turbulent mist cloud all lead to higher explosion severities to a certain extent. The influence of the chemical nature, the vapour content, the ignition energy, and the addition of flammable gases was also evaluated. This parametric analysis allowed the differentiation between distinct classes of fuels and was complemented by flame propagation studies conducted in a flame propagation tube. The flame speeds and burning velocities were determined, allowing the understanding of the phenomenology of mist explosions. An evaporation model was also developed to complement experimental findings. This study proposed a liquid classification system, depending on which specific test procedures were recommended. It also put forward the application of such procedures in industrial cases to illustrate the importance of considering scenarios involving the generation of fuel mists, particularly those with high flashpoints, and the need to assess the safety parameters of mists through experimental means for standardisation.Dans un monde où les combustibles sont d'un usage indispensable et sont omniprésents dans l'industrie, il convient de prêter attention aux dangers qu'ils peuvent représenter. En effet, de nombreux incidents se sont produits au fil des ans en raison de rejets accidentels de combustibles liquides sous forme de brouillard, entraînant des explosions. Néanmoins, si les normes et réglementations relatives aux gaz et poussières inflammables sont bien établies, celles relatives aux aérosols liquides le sont bien moins. Ceci est principalement dû au manque de moyens de caractérisations, de données disponibles et de connaissances scientifiques. L'objectif est de proposer une procédure complète permettant d'évaluer la sensibilité à l'inflammation et la sévérité d'explosion de nuages de brouillard d'hydrocarbures. Des moyens de prévention, de protection et de mitigation adaptés pourront donc être mis en œuvre de manière harmonisée et systématique. Sept combustibles aux propriétés physico-chimiques et aux usages industriels différents ont été choisis. Un système de génération de brouillard, relativement aisé à concevoir et à contrôler, a été développé pour simuler des fuites de liquide tout en restant adaptable à un équipement à l'échelle d'un laboratoire. Basé sur une jonction Venturi, le système a été équipé de jeux de buses à deux fluides dont les diamètres d'orifice peuvent varier. Des modifications ont été apportées à la sphère d'explosion de 20 L afin d'accueillir ce système de génération de brouillard. En outre, un système de contrôle et d'acquisition de données avec un logiciel personnalisé a été développé pour assurer le fonctionnement sûr de l'équipement d'essai et l'interprétation optimale des données expérimentales. Des essais de caractérisation ont eu lieu et trois jeux de buses ont été choisis. La distribution de la taille des gouttelettes a été examinée à l'aide d'un appareil de diffraction laser. La vélocimétrie par image de particules a été réalisée pour déterminer le niveau de turbulence du nuage à l'intérieur de l'équipement. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis de proposer une corrélation qui prédit le diamètre moyen de Sauter d'un nuage de brouillard généré à l'aide d'une buse bi-fluide à partir des caractéristiques du fluide et des conditions d'injection. Un mode opératoire complet a été proposé après des tests de calibration. Le nuage de brouillard pré-caractérisé est ensuite enflammé dans différentes conditions afin de déterminer la sensibilité à l'inflammation et la sévérité d'explosion des sept combustibles sélectionnés dans un seul et même appareil. Il a été constaté que les combustibles pouvaient être classés en trois classes d'énergie minimale d'allumage. La limite inférieure d'explosivité et la concentration limite en oxygène ont également été déterminées. Il a été observé qu'un DSD plus petit, une température initiale plus élevée et un nuage de brouillard plus turbulent conduisent à une sévérité d'explosion plus élevée dans une certaine mesure. L'influence de la nature chimique, de la teneur en vapeur, de l'énergie d'allumage et de l'ajout de gaz inflammables a également été évaluée. Cette analyse paramétrique a permis de différencier des classes distinctes de combustibles et a été complétée par des études de propagation de flamme. Les vitesses de flamme ont été déterminées permettant la compréhension de la phénoménologie des explosions de brouillard. Cette étude a proposé un système de classification des liquides, à partir duquel des procédures d'essai spécifiques sont recommandées. Les résultats ont été également appliqués à des études de cas industriel afin d'illustrer d'une part l'importance de la prise en compte des scénarios impliquant la génération de brouillards d'hydrocarbures et particulièrement ceux présentant des points d'éclair élevés et d'autre part, la nécessité d'évaluer les paramètres de sécurité des brouillards au travers de moyens expérimentaux destinés à être normalisés
Spatio-temporal assessment of pregnant women exposure to chlorpyrifos at a regional scale
No full textInternational audienceBackground : The aim of this study was to use an integrated exposure assessment approach, combining spatiotemporal modeling of environmental exposure and fate of the chemical to assess the exposure of vulnerable populations. In this study, chlorpyrifos exposure of pregnant women in Picardy was evaluated at a regional scale during 1 year. This approach provided a mapping of exposure indicators of pregnant women to chlorpyrifos over fine spatial and temporal resolutions using a GIS environment. Methods : Fate and transport models (emission, atmospheric dispersion, multimedia exposure, PBPK) were combined with environmental databases in a GIS environment. Quantities spread over agricultural fields were simulated and integrated into a modeling chain coupling models. The fate and transport of chlorpyrifos was characterized by an atmospheric dispersion statistical metamodel and the dynamiCROP model. Then, the multimedia model Modul’ERS was used to predict chlorpyrifos daily exposure doses which were integrated in a PBPK model to compute biomarker of exposure (TCPy urinary concentrations). For the concentration predictions, two scenarios (lower bound and upper bound) were built. Results : At fine spatio-temporal resolutions, the cartography of biomarkers in the lower bound scenario clearly highlights agricultural areas. In these maps, some specific areas and hotspots appear as potentially more exposed specifically during application period. Overall, predictions were close to biomonitoring data and ingestion route was the main contributor to chlorpyrifos exposure. Conclusions : This study demonstrated the feasibility of an integrated approach for the evaluation of chlorpyrifos exposure which allows the comparison between modeled predictions and biomonitoring data
Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation of Carbamazepine: Mechanism and optimal operating conditions
No full textInternational audienceEffective electrochemical degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) in water was accomplished with minimal energy and chemical requirements, showing that electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (eAOPs) with a Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) anode are a promising method for the in situ degradation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The influence of several operating parameters (i.e., pH, temperature and initial anolyte and pollutant concentrations) was determined through the Taguchi optimization method. Optimal conditions corresponded to 1 M CBZ, pH 2, 30 °C, 10 mM NaSO and 50 A m−2, resulting in complete CBZ removal in less than 5 min. Complementary scenarios with different ion species, energy sources and current densities further corroborated the suitability of the optimum. Moreover, they revealed that the optimal conditions were driven by the presence of both SO and NO ions in solution. Hence, the optimal degradation results were also attained when replacing HNO by NaNO, which allowed to operate without prior pH adjustments. The contribution of OH and SO radicals was studied through scavenging tests and it was for the first time tentatively ascribed to the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER), since the selection of the operating potential influences the type of oxidative species present. Finally, the primary transformation products formed during CBZ degradation under optimal conditions were investigated
A Generalised Physiologically Based Kinetic Model for Fish for Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals
No full textInternational audienc
Simulating the impact of volatilization on atmospheric concentrations of pesticides with the 3D chemistry-transport model CHIMERE: method development and application to S-metolachlor and folpet
No full textInternational audienceA module to simulate the volatilization of pesticides from soils and plants was implemented in the air quality model CHIMERE in order to simulate spatiotemporal distribution of pesticide atmospheric concentrations. Pesticide applications are spatially distributed according to the quantities of pesticides sold per municipality in France (recorded in the French BNVD-S database) and are temporally distributed according to the application periods determined with enquiries. The model was applied to S-metolachlor and folpet. In the first stage of the study, pesticide emissions simulated by the CHIMERE and Volt’Air models are compared. In the second stage, measured concentrations of S-metolachlor and folpet from mid-April to the end of June are compared to the simulation results at the French and PACA (Southeastern region of France) scales. The model can reproduce the spatial distribution of S-metolachlor concentrations (spatial correlation over France of 0.79) with a bias ranging from −50 to 50% for most stations during the application period. The simulation of folpet concentrations remains challenging with a lack of correlation between model results and measurements, that could possibly be due to a lack of precision in the temporalization of applications