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GSM 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field effects on the resting Human EEG: study of the beta, theta, and delta bands
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Modèle toxicocinétique chez le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) pour deux fongicides azolés
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The LILAS project: analysis of applying participatory approaches such as Living Labs to research on multiple environmental exposures to ionizing radiation, other stressors and chronic risks
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Comment on Environmental quality standards for diclofenac derived under the European Water Framework Directive: 1. Aquatic organisms
No full textInternational audienceLeverett et al. commented on the Environmental quality standard (EQS) for diclofenac derived under the European Water Framework Directive [Leverett et al. (2021) Environ Sci Eur 33: 133 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00574-z ]. They postulated that the derivation of the EQS value for diclofenac is not conducted according to the EQS Technical Guidance, but rather using data of poor reliability and relevance. Consequently, the authors suggested using their alternative derived value instead. It is to be noted that the process for the EQS derivation for diclofenac is still ongoing and not finalized, and that as a consequence, any critical analysis is very premature. In general, within the current European Commission process, EQS values proposals are derived by expert groups led by the Joint Research Centre. In the specific case for diclofenac, Leverett et al. have also been actively involved as experts. This response to Leverett et al. (2021) aims to clarify the reasoning behind the proposal from a scientific point of view and to express our concern for the lack of transparency of their position in the statement of competing interests. Indeed, the authors did not disclose their participation in the expert group for deriving the diclofenac EQS value, nor that they have direct and indirect ties to a company that markets diclofenac in Europe, Glaxo Smith & Kline plc (GSK). This amounts to a significant conflict of interest and leads to disinformation to the reader
Multiphysics modelling of backfill grouting in sandy soils during TBM tunnelling
No full textInternational audienceDuring the tunnel boring machine-based tunnelling, the grout loss caused by the grout penetration and filtration in sandy soils is a complicated multiphysics process. In this study, a novel coupled hydro-mechanical modelling approach based on mixture theory is developed and implemented into a finite element code, which can qualitatively simulate the transport of grout in the soils around the tail void of the TBM tunnel, as well as predict the ground deformation induced by tunnelling and backfill grouting. Using the proposed approach, the time-dependent grout penetration area, grout loss, variation of soil porosity due to grout filtration and the ground deformation are identified. The effects of five key variables including grout pressure, duration, rheological property, filtration in soil mass and hydraulic conductivity of the soil are simulated. The results reveal that to reduce the ground disturbance and grout loss of TBM tunnelling in highly permeable soil, the grout pressure should be increased and the grout time reduced. In addition, grout materials with large permeability, dehydration and hardening rate are recommended
Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide air pollution and breast cancer risk: A nested case-control within the French E3N cohort study
No full textInternational audienceNitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important air pollutant due to its adverse effects on human health. Yet, current evidence on the association between NO2 and the risk of breast cancer lacks consistency. In this study, we investigated the association between long-term exposure to NO2 and breast cancer risk in the French E3N cohort study. Association of breast cancer risk with NO2 exposure was assessed in a nested case-control study within the French E3N cohort including 5222 breast cancer cases identified over the 1990–2011 follow-up period and 5222 matched controls. Annual mean concentrations of NO2 at participants’ residential addresses for each year from recruitment 1990 through 2011, were estimated using a land use regression (LUR) model. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additional analyses were performed using NO2 concentrations estimated by CHIMERE, a chemistry transport model. Overall, the mean NO2 exposure was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. In all women, for each interquartile range (IQR) increase in NO2 levels (LUR: 17.8 μg/m3), the OR of the model adjusted for confounders was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01–1.18). The corresponding OR in the fully adjusted model (additionally adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors) was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98–1.15). By menopausal status, results for postmenopausal women were comparable to those for all women, while no association was observed among premenopausal women. By hormone receptor status, the OR of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer = 1.07 (95% CI: 0.97–1.19) in the fully adjusted model. Additional analyses using the CHIMERE model showed slight differences in ORs estimates. The results of this study indicate an increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term exposure to NO2 air pollution. Observing comparable effects of NO2 exposure estimated by two different models, reinforces these findings
Combining CFD and Experimental Approaches to Optimize a Spray Release in a 20 L Sphere
No full textInternational audienceEuropean regulations require that the risk of an explosive atmosphere (ATEX) associated with the productionof a flammable mist be assessed. In order to properly investigate mist flammability, a dedicated experimentaltool was developed based on the standardized 20L explosion sphere and an additional Venturi injection system.As part of its design, the conditions of mist generation must be fully controlled. To complement the experimentalapproach, a computational fluid dynamic modeling (CFD) has been developed with an Euler-Lagrange method.It aimed at determining the homogeneity of the mist and the influence of the turbulence on the droplet sizedistribution (coalescence / fragmentation dynamics) as it greatly influences the mechanism of combustion.Based on previous studies and on industrial considerations, ethanol and kerosene were chosen. Modelingresults were compared to the droplet size distribution determined by laser in-situ measurements and to the flowcharacteristics measured by particle image velocimetry. The CFD modeling confirmed the significant effect ofthe turbulence on the droplets coalescence and enabled to improve the understanding of the phenomenologyrelated to the dispersion of a flammable mist into a 20L sphere. These results are consistent with the dropletparticle distributions measured experimentally and show that CFD modeling can support further experimentaldevelopments so that it can constitute the basis for a new standard 20L explosion sphere for mists testing
Preliminary Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations in a Multifuel Context
No full textInternational audienceThe MultHyFuel Project [1], funded by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU), aims to achievethe effective and safe deployment of hydrogen as a net-zero alternative fuel, by developing a common strategyfor implementing Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HRS) in multifuel context. The project contributes to theharmonization of existing regulations code and standards (RCS) for industrial applications by generatingpractical, theoretical and experimental data related to HRS, embedding regulatory and industrial stakeholdersto the project progress.This paper presents a preliminary risk assessment performed for three different hydrogen refuellingconfigurations, presented in project Deliverable 3.1 [2], each intended to be integrated into a multifuel station.In terms of the hydrogen refuelling configurations, we discuss the following points:• detail on typical components of hydrogen refuelling stations, such as compressor, high pressure bufferstorage, cooling system and dispenser,• different modes of supply of hydrogen (high-pressure storage (trailers or bundles), hydrogen production byelectrolysis, and stationary liquid hydrogen storage),• different operating conditions of the dispenser - i.e. flow and pressure - but only delivering compressedgaseous hydrogen.The objective of this preliminary risk assessment is not limited only to the identification of the major hazards -and the consideration of various prevention and protection measures specific to the hydrogen installation - butalso, the mitigation measures to limit the potential of domino effects due to the potential hazards from other fuelswithin the multifuel refuelling station. In this preliminary risk assessment, Hazards Identification (HAZID) forhydrogen was implemented following the three steps below:• the description of typical HRSs,• the characterization of the potential hazards (substance, process...),• and a previous H2 facility incident review to formulate lessons learned.This example preliminary risk assessment illustrates how potential major accident scenarios were identified,and presents proposed prevention or protection measures in order to reduce the occurrence of these scenariosand mitigate the escalation of hazardous events”. In addition, some prevention and protection measures wererecommended when it was not possible to determine if they were universally implemented in HydrogenRefuelling Stations. Finally, knowledge gaps for the determination of Hazardous Area Classifications, likelihoodof hydrogen leaks and extent of consequences were highlighted, in order to be analysed and investigatedexperimentally within future steps of the MultHyFuel Project [1]
Modified Target Diagram to check compliance of low-cost sensors with the Data Quality Objectives of the European air quality directive
No full textInternational audienceThe modified Target Diagram (MTD) was developed to evaluate the performance of low-cost sensors (LCS) for air quality monitoring in comparison with reference methods by reporting relative expanded uncertainty and its contributors. An MTD provides several pieces of information, including compliance with regulation, sources of error and how to diminish them, completeness and validity of LCS calibration etc. It allows the user to examine the effect of selecting different regression types and residual fitting on the LCS measurement uncertainty. The ordinary least squared regression with fitted residuals and dynamic between reference analyser uncertainty rather than constant ones yielded more realistic LCS measurement uncertainty compared to other options. The MTD is a fast visual tool to extract several pieces of information on evaluation of any candidate method against reference method
