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Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter: Norme européenne EN 12341
No full textparticipation au groupe de travail européen CEN WG15 concepteur de la norme européenne + validation de la traduction en français du document original anglaisMéthode de mesure de la concentration massique des fractions réglementées de matière particulaire en suspension (PM10 & PM2.5) par prélèvement sur filtre suivi d'une pesée en laboratoire sous conditions contrôlée
Gas–particle partitioning of toluene oxidation products: an experimental and modeling study
No full textInternational audienceToluene represents a large fraction of anthropogenic emissions and significantly contributes to tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Despite the fact that toluene is one of the most studied aromatic compounds, detailed chemical mechanisms still fail to correctly reproduce the speciation of toluene gaseous and condensed oxidation products. This study aims to elucidate the role of initial experimental conditions in toluene SOA mass loadings and to investigate gas–particle partitioning of its reaction products at different relevant temperatures. Gaseous and particulate reaction products were identified and quantified using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) coupled to a CHemical Analysis of aeRosol ONline (CHARON) inlet. The chemical system exhibited a volatility distribution mostly in the semi-volatile regime. Temperature decrease caused a shift of saturation concentration towards lower values. The CHARON–PTR-ToF-MS instrument identified and quantified approximately 60 %–80 % of the total organic mass measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer. A detailed mechanism for toluene gaseous oxidation was developed based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) deterministic mechanisms, modified following the literature. The new mechanism showed improvements in modeling oxidation product speciation with more observed species represented and more representative concentrations compared to the MCM–GECKO-A reference. Tests on partitioning processes, nonideality, and wall losses highlighted the high dependency of SOA formation on the considered processes. Our results underline the fact that volatility is not sufficient to explain the gas–particle partitioning: the organic and the aqueous phases need to be considered as well as the interactions between compounds in the particle phase
Analytical and effect-based methods available for the environmental monitoring of endocrine disrupting compounds at the EU scale
No full textInternational audienceThe Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (Marx‑Stoelting et al., 2023) includes a pilot project for the establishment of environmental monitoring that focusses on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Our ambition for EDCs is to contribute to the first EU baseline in multiple environmental compartments and to identify new key EDCs present in the environment. We intend to integrate approaches based on target analysis, non-target and suspect screening as well as effect-based methods (batteries of multi-receptor in vitro and in vivo bioassays), including their combination in effect-directed analysis (EDA) to identify major toxicants in prioritised samples. A comprehensive list of EDCs was compiled, based on previous assessments by regulatory bodies at EU and national level (e.g. (http://edlists.org) and additional potential EDCs (hormones, bisphenols, etc.), including inputs from ECHA. Furthermore, all substances in the NORMAN SusDat database (https://www.norman-network.com/nds/susdat/) were screened using the EDC prediction models of the (QSAR) VEGA platform (https://www.vegahub.eu/about-qsar/), and the EDC active compounds were added. The final list contained approximately 7300 chemicals. Further information was added, such as physico-chemical properties, functional groups for chemical analysis, modes of action for the application of bioassays, relevant matrices for monitoring, use sectors.In order to relate the list of EDCs to analytical methods, the compounds on the list were assigned to chemical classes. We worked with 75 chemical classes and assigned invidual compounds according to their chemical structure and SMILES automatic recognition. This information was compiled through a collaborative work of the PARC T4.2 EDC group. Concerning the effect-based methods, a previous review was used to list key information required, such as type of endpoints, species, adverse outcome pathways, thresholds, chemical classes, matrices etc. (Carrere et al., 2021). We have obtained a first comprehensive picture of potential applications of target and suspect screening as well as in vitro and in vivo bioassays for the quantification/detection of EDCs. This work highlights compounds and chemical classes still poorly studied and/or environmental matrices inadequately monitored. Another outcome is a restricted list of standardized methods/assays implementable for routine monitoring. This information will be used to prepare focused and cost-effective monitoring campaigns within this PARC pilot project.PARC T4.2 EDC group : A. Araja, L. Ahrens, S. Buchinger, C. Coscolla, A. Covaci, M. Creta, G. Dervilly, B. Dewitte, D. Dvorakova, R. Duca, J.P. Ghestem, J. Grimalt, C. Kech, M. Krauss, T. Kosjek, A. Lopez, S. Maletz, C. Moyano, M. Nicolas, J. Pulkrabova, P. Rostkowski, G. Thorsén, J. Trontelj, E. Van Hoeck, R. Duca, M Schlüsener, E. Vermeirssen, J. Viidanoj
The largest induced earthquakes during the GEOVEN deep geothermal project, Strasbourg, 2018-2022: from source parameters to intensity maps
No full textInternational audienceBetween 2019 November and 2021 July, four induced earthquakes of local magnitude equal to or greater than than three were felt by the population of Strasbourg, France. These events were related to activity at the deep geothermal site GEOVEN located in Vendenheim in the northern suburb area of the city of Strasbourg. The first earthquake, with a local magnitude (Mlv) of 3.0, occurred on 2019 November 12, at the same depth as the bottom of the wells (approximately 4 km) but 5 km to the south. The second (Mlv 3.6) occurred a year later, on 2020 December 4, below the wells, and led to the termination of the project by the authorities. The third (Mlv 3.3) was initiated three weeks after shut-in on 2021 January 22, while the largest earthquake to date (Mlv 3.9) occurred on 2021 June 26, more than 6 months after shut-in. We constrained these four events' absolute locations using a 3-D velocity model of the area and here present regional intensity maps. We estimated moment magnitude and focal mechanism trough waveform inversion and inferred the fault plane activated during the largest event from an analysis of rupture directivity effects in the recorded waveforms. Our analysis highlights the existence of a critically stressed fault that hosted three of these widely felt events. We show how the derived source properties of these four earthquakes are directly linked to ground shaking observations at the surface. Notably, we demonstrate how earthquake moment, location, direction of rupture and stress drop impact the regional intensity distribution. Our results suggest that the traffic light system could benefit from including ground shaking scenarios based on realistic subsurface properties and potential earthquake source models
Valeurs toxicologiques de référence (VTR) - Élaboration de VTR pour la palytoxine.
No full textCitation suggérée :Anses. (2023). Élaboration d’une VTR pour la palytoxine. (saisine 2021-SA-212). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 68 p.Au cours des dernières décennies, les dinoflagellés (eucaryotes unicellulaires) du genreOstreopsis ont été identifiés dans les zones côtières de plusieurs pays tels que l’Albanie, laCroatie, Chypre, l'Espagne, la France, la Grèce, l'Italie et le Portugal . Ces microalguesbenthiques peuvent causer des intoxications humaines, lorsqu’elles sont présentes dans lesembruns, l’eau de mer. L’exposition peut se faire par voie respiratoire(contact avec les embruns lors de promenade, de surveillance des plages, des activités debaignade et nautiques, etc.), par contact cutané avec de l’eau de mer ou des macroalgues(lors des activités de baignade et/ou nautiques) ou encore par ingestion (d’eau de mer lors dela baignade, pratique d’activité nautique ou en cas de consommation de produits de la mercontaminés par des toxines produites par Ostreopsis spp). Des manifestations cliniques tellesque toux, rhinorrhée, irritations de la sphère ORL et des yeux, céphalées, fièvre, difficultésrespiratoires, nausées, vomissements, diarrhées, douleurs abdominales, myalgies, rougeursou démangeaisons sont alors observées chez les personnes exposées à Ostreopsis. Certains rapports de cas font aussi état de troubles cardiovasculaires.Les proliférations d'Ostreopsis sont aussi liées à des mortalités massives de certains invertébrés. Ces toxines ont également été détectées dans certains produits de la mer issus de la mer Méditerranée et peuvent présenter par conséquent un risque potentiel d'intoxication alimentaire chez l'Homme.En France, la présence d’Ostreopsis est identifiée de façon récurrente sur les côtesméditerranéennes depuis plusieurs années (observations de l’Institut français de recherchepour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer) dans le cadre du Réseau d’Observation et deSurveillance du Phytoplancton et de l’Hydrologie dans les eaux littorales ou Rephy). Durantl’été 2021, un épisode important de prolifération d’Ostreopsis a également été signalé sur lacôte basque de fin juillet à fin septembre 2021. Ce sont près de 800 personnes qui ontprésenté des symptômes d’intoxication après avoir fréquenté des plages de ces côtes. Quelques cas d’intoxications similaires avaient déjà été signalés pendant l’été 2020. Il est donc possible que ce phénomène émergent devienne récurrent et puisse s’amplifier sur la côte atlantique.Les premières investigations menées par l’Ifremer ont mis en évidence la présence de deuxespèces de microalgues du genre Ostreopsis : O. cf. siamensis et O. cf. ovata. Si O. cf. siamensis est observée dans la zone depuis 2018, la détection d’O. cf. ovata dans cette partie du golfe de Gascogne est une première sachant que la prolifération de cette espèce est connue pour provoquer des troubles tels que ceux observés depuis les années 2000 en Méditerranée.O. cf. ovata est connue pour produire de la palytoxine (PLTX) sous forme de plusieurscongénères (7 actuellement décrits) ainsi que des analogues de cette molécule, les ovatoxines.Ces molécules pourraient être à l’origine des symptômes observés chez l’Homme d'autant plus que certaines d’entre elles ont été détectées dans les aérosols
Bilan et Analyse du mandat 2019-2022 du Comité Scientifique d’Orientation Recherche & Innovation (CSO R&I) du plan Ecophyto II+
No full textDPA3P Dispositif Pérenne d'Appui aux Politiques Publiques sur les PesticidesLes objectifs de réduction des produits phytopharmaceutiques portés par le plan Ecophyto II+ apportent de nouveaux défis à l’Agriculture. L’enjeu de l’Axe 2 Recherche & Innovation est de mobiliser l’ensemble du système de recherche-innovation afin d’apporter les connaissances nécessaires pour les relever et d’appuyer les politiques publiques dans la transition vers un modèle agroécologique des cultures. Cet axe est piloté et orienté par un Comité Scientifique d’Orientation (CSO R&I). Le document « Héritage CSO R&I » dresse un bilan et une analyse synthétiques des actions conduites par les membres du CSO R&I lors du mandat 2019-2022. Il met en perspective les réflexions scientifiques stratégiques, leurs concrétisations en actions (appels à projets, animation scientifique, valorisation…), les freins rencontrés et les perspectives pour le prochain mandat 2023-2026
PBTK-TD model of the phagocytosis activity in three-spined stickleback exposed to BPA
No full textInternational audienceDue to the high production volume and persistence in the environment of bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes, realistic exposure scenarii were proposed in some species to better understand the relationship between external and internal concentrations. For example, a recent PBTK model has been developed and adapted to BPA ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolization, and Excretion) processes in three-spined stickleback. These substances have an impact on organism physiology including reproductive and immune functions. In this context, physiologically-based toxicokinetic models coupled with toxicodynamics (PBTK-TD) have proven to be valuable tools to fill the knowledge gap between external exposure and effect dynamics. The aim of the current work was to explain the impact of BPA on the immune response by determining its temporality. In addition, the relationship between BPA dose and these responses was investigated using a PBTK-TD model. Two experiments were performed on stickleback to characterize their biomarker responses, (i) a short exposure (14 days) at 0, 10 and 100 µg/L, including a depuration phase (7 days), and (ii) a long exposure (21 days) at 100 µg/L to measure the immunomarker dynamic over a long period. The fish spleens were sampled to analyze immune responses of stickleback at various times of exposure and depuration: leucocyte distribution, phagocytic capacity and efficiency, lysosomal presence and leucocyte respiratory burst index. At the same date, blood, muscle, and liver were sampled to quantify BPA and their metabolites (BPA monoglucuronide and BPA monosulfate). All these data enabled the development of the indirect pharmacodynamic models (PBTK-TD) by implementing the responses of biomarkers in the existing BPA PBTK of stickleback. The results shown a high induction of phagocytosis activity by BPA in the two exposure conditions. Furthermore, the immunomarkers exhibit very different temporal dynamics. This study demonstrates the need of a thorough characterization of biomarker response for a further use in Environmental Biomonitoring
Two years of volatile organic compound online in situ measurements at the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (Paris region, France) using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry
No full textInternational audienceVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) have direct influences on air quality and climate. They indeed play a key role in atmospheric chemistry as precursors of secondary pollutants, such as ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In this respect, long-term datasets of in situ atmospheric measurements are crucial for characterizing the variability of atmospheric chemical composition, its sources, and trends. The ongoing establishment of the Aerosols, Cloud, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure (ACTRIS) allows implementation of the collection and provision of such high-quality datasets. In this context, online and continuous measurements of O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and aerosols have been carried out since 2012 at the SIRTA (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique) observatory, located in the Paris region, France. Within the last decade, VOC measurements were conducted offline at SIRTA, until the implementation of real-time monitoring which started in January 2020 using a proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole mass spectrometer (PTR-Q-MS).The dataset acquired during the first 2 years of online VOC measurements provides insights into their seasonal and diurnal variabilities. The additional long-term datasets obtained from co-located measurements (NOx, aerosol physical and chemical properties, meteorological parameters) are used to better characterize the atmospheric conditions and to further interpret the obtained results. Results also include insights into VOC main sources and the influence of meteorological conditions and air mass origin on their levels in the Paris region. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the year 2020 notably saw a quasi-total lockdown in France in spring and a lighter one in autumn. Therefore, the focus is placed on the impact of these lockdowns on the VOC variability and sources. A change in the behaviour of VOC markers for anthropogenic sources was observed during the first lockdown, reflecting a change in human activities. A comparison with gas chromatography data from the Paris city centre consolidates the regional representativity of the SIRTA station for benzene, while differences are observed for shorter-lived compounds with a notable impact of their local sources. This dataset could be further used as input for atmospheric models and can be found at https://doi.org/10.14768/f8c46735-e6c3-45e2-8f6f-26c6d67c4723 (Simon et al., 2022a)
Interlaboratory prevalidation of a new in vitro transcriptional activation assay for the screening of (anti-)androgenic activity of chemicals using the UALH-hAR cell line
No full textInternational audienceWe report an interlaboratory evaluation of a recently developed androgen receptor (AR) transactivation assay using the UALH-hAR reporter cell line that stably expresses the luciferase gene under the transcriptional control of androgen receptor elements (AREs) with no glucocorticoid receptor (GR) crosstalk. Herein, a two-step prevalidation study involving three laboratories was conducted to assess performance criteria of the method such as transferability as well as robustness, sensitivity, and specificity. The first step consisted in the validation of the transfer of the cell line to participant laboratories through the testing of three reference chemicals: the AR agonist dihydrotestosterone, the AR antagonist hydroxyflutamide and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Secondly, a blinded study was conducted by screening a selection of ten chemicals, including four AR agonists, five AR antagonists, and one non-active chemical. All test compounds yielded the same activity profiles in all laboratories. The logEC50 (agonist assay) or logIC50 (antagonist assay) were in the same range, with intra-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.1–3.4% and interlaboratory CVs of 1–4%, indicating very good within- and between-laboratory reproducibility. Our results were consistent with literature and regulatory data (OECD TG458). Overall, this interlaboratory study demonstrated that the UALH-hAR assay is transferable, produces reliable, accurate and specific (anti)androgenic activity of chemicals, and can be considered for further regulatory validation
