HAL-INERIS
Not a member yet
8807 research outputs found
Sort by
The regulatory framework of geological storage of Hydrogen in salt caverns
No full textInternational audienceA growing share of renewable energy production in the energy supply systems is key to reaching theEuropean political goal of zero CO2 emission in 2050, highlighted in the green deal. Linked to theirregular production of solar and wind energies, which have the highest potential for development inEurope, massive energy storage solutions are needed as energy buffers. The European project HyPSTER[1] (Hydrogen Pilot STorage for large Ecosystem Replication) granted by the Clean HydrogenPartnership addresses this topic by demonstrating a cyclic test in an experimental salt cavern filled withhydrogen up to 3 tons using hydrogen that is produced onsite by a 1 MW electrolyser. One specificobjective of the project is the assessment of the risks and environmental impacts of cyclic hydrogenstorage in salt caverns and providing guidelines for safety, regulations, and standards. This paperhighlights the first outcome of the task WP5.5 of the HyPSTER project, addressing the regulatory andnormative frameworks for the safety of hydrogen storage in salt caverns from some selected EuropeanCountries, which is dedicated to defining recommendations for promoting the safe development of thisindustry within Europe
Elaboration de VTR long terme et cancérogène sans seuil par voie respiratoire pour le 1,3-butadiène (CAS n°106-99-0) - Rapport révisé
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2023). Valeurs toxicologiques de référence (VTR). Elaboration de VTR long terme et cancérogène sans seuil par voie respiratoire pour le 1,3-butadiène (CAS n°106-99-0). (saisine 2019-SA-0073). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 86 p.Une valeur toxicologique de référence, ou VTR, est un indice toxicologique qui permet de qualifier ou de quantifier un risque pour la santé humaine. Elle établit le lien entre une exposition à une substance toxique et l’occurrence d’un effet sanitaire indésirable. Les VTR sont spécifiques d’une durée d’exposition (court, moyen et long terme) et d’une voie d’exposition (orale ou respiratoire). La construction des VTR diffère en fonction des connaissances ou des hypothèses formulées sur les mécanismes d’action des substances. Actuellement, l’hypothèse par défaut est de considérer unerelation monotone entre l’exposition, ou la dose, et l’effet, ou la réponse. En l’état actuel des connaissances et par défaut, on considère généralement que, pour les effets non cancérogènes, la toxicité ne s’exprime qu’au-delà d’un seuil de dose (Anses, 2017).En pratique, la construction de la VTR comprend les étapes suivantes :- recenser et analyser les données de toxicité disponibles, sur la base d‘études épidémiologiques et/ou expérimentales ;- identifier le ou les organes cibles et l’effet critique ;- identifier l’hypothèse de construction, à seuil ou sans seuil de dose, en fonction du mode d’action de la substance ;- choisir une étude clé de bonne qualité scientifique permettant généralement d’établir une relation dose – réponse ;- définir une dose critique chez l’Homme ou l’animal à partir de cette étude, éventuellement dans le cas d’une dose critique obtenue chez l’animal, ajuster cette dose à l’Homme ;- pour une VTR à seuil, appliquer des facteurs d’incertitude (FI) à cette dose critique de manière à dériver une VTR applicable à l’ensemble de la population ;- pour une VTR sans seuil, réaliser une extrapolation linéaire à l’origine afin de déterminer un excès de risque unitaire (ERU).L’élaboration des VTR suit une approche très structurée et exigeante qui implique des évaluations collectives par des groupes de spécialistes
Experimental investigation on the hydromechanical behaviour of a porous chalk
No full textInternational audienceThis paper deals with the impact of climate change on stability of abandoned subsurface cavities in chalk due to its indirect effect on ground water levels. It is the first part of a general work on the hydromechanical behaviour of a partially saturated soft rock (a porous chalk) and the effect of changes in water saturation degree. An experimental investigation including a laboratory-testing program is presented. Different degrees of saturation are imposed by controlled relative humidity conditions. Conventional hydrostatic and triaxial compression tests are performed under drained conditions for saturation degree up to 100% under low confining pressures. The obtained results have allowed to show up fundamental aspects of the chalk behaviour. The high sensitivity of the extracted material to water is described and a water induced plastic deformation is observed
Détermination des sources de composés organiques (gazeux et particulaires) en Ile-de-France
No full textTo refine the knowledge on air quality and atmospheric chemistry in the Paris region, it is essential to document the nature and variability of atmospheric pollutants on the long term. The suburban SIRTA station (integrated to the European infrastructure ACTRIS) has been hosting instruments for the continuous measurement of physicochemical properties of suspended particles and of some inorganic reactive gases for a decade. Nonetheless, questions remain open on the origins of secondary organic aerosol and more specifically the link with its precursor gases, volatile organic compounds (VOC). Although their play an important role in atmospheric chemistry, VOC were hitherto not measured on the long term at SIRTA.In this context, this thesis aims at better characterizing organic pollution in the Paris region. This involves the measurement of VOC in real time to complete the panel of existing measurements, as well as the application and evaluation of methods for the source apportionment of organic pollutants adapted to long term studies.For this purpose, measurements using mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), still very little used within ACTRIS, were setup at SIRTA as part of this thesis. Automated data treatment was improved and adapted for the long term and a rigorous quality control was applied to 2020 and 2021. These first two years of measurements were then studied in terms of diel and seasonal variabilities. The role played by meteorological conditions and air masses was particularly illustrated by results obtained during the lockdowns in 2020. An influence of anthropogenic sources was observed for monoterpenes, compounds usually identified as biogenic in suburban sites.The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor model is classically used for the source apportionment of atmospheric pollutants (aerosol or VOC), but some limits exist for its long-term application. To overcome these limitations, new options exist and were tested during this thesis. Particularly, VOC were used as organic markers for the analysis of organic aerosol sources in summer, by creating a unified combined dataset. This complex methodology was implemented here for the first time with this type of instruments. It was adapted to the SIRTA dataset, allowing a better deconvolution of oxygenated organic aerosol compared to a classical method, and consequently to link it to its respective sources/processes, especially by distinguishing daytime and nighttime processes.Afin d'approfondir les connaissances sur la qualité de l'air et la chimie atmosphérique en Ile-de-France, il est nécessaire de documenter la nature et la variabilité des polluants atmosphériques sur le long terme. La station péri-urbaine du SIRTA (intégrée à l'infrastructure de recherche européenne ACTRIS) héberge des instruments de mesure permettant le suivi en continu des propriétés physico-chimiques des particules en suspension et de certains gaz réactifs inorganiques depuis une dizaine d'années. Des questions restent néanmoins encore ouvertes sur les origines de l'aérosol organique secondaire, et plus particulièrement sur son lien avec ses précurseurs gazeux, les composés organiques volatils (COV). Alors qu'ils jouent un rôle important dans la chimie de l'atmosphère, ces derniers n'étaient jusqu'alors pas mesurés sur le long-terme au SIRTA.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse vise à mieux caractériser la pollution organique en Ile-de-France. Cela passe par la mesure de COV en temps réel venant compléter le panel de mesures existantes, ainsi que l'application et l'évaluation de méthodes pour la détermination des sources de polluants organiques adaptées au long-terme.Pour ce faire, des mesures par spectrométrie de masse (PTR-MS), encore très peu utilisée au sein d'ACTRIS, ont été mises en place au SIRTA dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les chaînes de traitement de données automatisé ont été améliorées et adaptées pour le long terme et un contrôle qualité rigoureux a été appliqué aux données de 2020 et 2021. Ces deux premières années de mesures ont ensuite été étudiées en termes de variabilités journalières et saisonnières. Le rôle joué par les conditions météorologiques et par l'origine des masses d'air est particulièrement illustré par les résultats obtenus lors des confinements de 2020. L'influence de sources anthropiques a été observée pour les monoterpènes, composés habituellement identifiés comme biogéniques en site périurbain.Le modèle source-récepteur Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) est classiquement utilisé pour la détermination des sources de polluants atmosphériques (aérosols ou COV), mais certaines limites existent pour son application sur le long-terme. Pour dépasser ces limitations, de nouvelles options existent et ont été testées lors de cette thèse. En particulier, les données COV ont servi de marqueurs pour l'analyse des sources de l'aérosol organique en été, par la création d'un jeu de données combiné unifié. Cette méthodologie complexe a été mise en œuvre ici pour la première fois avec ce type d'instruments. Elle a été adaptée au jeu de données du SIRTA, permettant de mieux déconvoluer l'aérosol organique oxygéné par rapport à une méthode classique, et par conséquent de le relier à ses sources/processus respectifs, notamment en distinguant des processus de jour et de nuit
Exposure and hazard of bisphenol A, S and F: a multi-biomarker approach in three-spined stickleback
No full textInternational audienceDue to the oestrogenic behaviour of bisphenol (BP) A, industries have developed many substitutes, such as BPS and BPF. However, due to their structural similarities, adverse effects on reproduction are currently observed in various organisms, including fish. Even if new results have shown impacts of these bisphenols on many other physiological functions, their mode of action remains unclear. In this context, we proposed to better understand the impact of BPA, BPS and BPF on immune responses (leucocyte sub-populations, cell death, respiratory burst, lysosomal presence and phagocytic activity) and on biomarkers of metabolic detoxification (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD, and glutathione S transferase, GST) and oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase, GPx, and lipid peroxidation with thiobarbituric acid reactive substance method, TBARS) in an adult sentinel fish species, the three-spined stickleback. In order to enhance our understanding of how biomarkers change over time, it is essential to determine the internal concentration responsible for the observed responses. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the toxicokinetics of bisphenols. Thus, sticklebacks were exposed either to 100 µg/L of BPA, BPF or BPS for 21 days, or for seven days to 10 and 100 µg/L of BPA or BPS followed by seven days of depuration. Although BPS has very different TK, due to its lower bioaccumulation compared to BPA and BPF, BPS affect oxidative stress and phagocytic activity in the same way. For those reasons, the replacement of BPA by any substitute should be made carefully in terms of risk assessment on aquatic ecosystems
First insights to the seismic response of the fractured Carboniferous limestone reservoir at the Balmatt geothermal doublet (Belgium)
No full textInternational audienceWe present the main features of the geothermal production history between 2018 and 2019 at the Balmatt geothermal doublet (3-4 km depth), located in Mol in northern Belgium, and the recorded seismic data set which represents the first return of experience on the seismic response of the fractured Lower Carboniferous Limestone reservoir in the Campine Basin to fluid injection. The study has been motivated by the occurrence of a felt ML = 2.2 event leading to the temporal suspension of the project due to a red-light status of the traffic light system. Even though the seismic data set is comparatively limited (Mc∼0.6), thanks to a precise analysis of the seismic source features, we derive a new conceptual structural reservoir model that includes a hidden fault zone not seen during the exploration and provides new constraints on the main hydro-mechanic processes involved in the triggering of seismicity and seismic hazard
Autonomous aerial swarm robotics for the management of the environmental and health impact in a post-accident situation
No full textInternational audienc
Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on particulate matter oxidative potential at urban background versus traffic sites
No full textInternational audienceIn Europe, COVID-19 lockdown restrictions were first implemented in March 2020 to control the spread of the disease from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Many studies have focused on the influence of the applied measures on pollution levels during this period, but very limited information on the oxidative potential (OP), an emerging metric of particulate matter (PM) exposure. Furthermore, most previous studies also commonly used comparative methods with historical datasets, which may not be estimating the real pollution levels without the lockdown restrictions in place. In this study, the OP of PM collected at urban background (Grenoble, France) and traffic (Bern, Switzerland) sites was assessed using dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) assays. These measurements were also compared with PM and black carbon (BC) mass concentrations, including the wood burning and fossil fuel fractions of BC. To obtain a more realistic pollution level, assuming there were no lockdown restrictions in place, a machine learning technique called the Random Forest (RF) regression model was applied to predict a business-as-usual (BAU) level for OP, PM, and BC in both sites. This model provided a good estimate of the BAU levels, allowing a more realistic assessment of the pollution changes during the lockdown period. The results indicate a clear decrease in OP found in the traffic site, while a more modest change in OP was found at the urban background site, likely due to sustained contributions from wood burning sources for residential heating. Overall, this study confirms the major roles of both of these combustion sources in the OP levels in ambient air
A sneak peek into the phenomenology of fuel mist explosions: The key role of vapor fractions
No full textInternational audienceThe modern world depends greatly on hydrocarbons, which are ubiquitous, indispensable fuels used in nearly every existing industry. Although important, their use may trigger dangerous incidents, whether in their production, handling, storage, or transporting phase, especially when aerosolized. In light of proposing a standard procedure to assess the flammability and explosivity of fuel mists, a new test method was established based on the EN 14034 standards series. For the previous purposes, a gravity-fed mist generation system was designed and employed in a modified 20 L explosion vessel. This test method allowed the determination of the ignition sensitivity of several fuels. In addition, their explosion severity was represented by the explosion overpressure Pex, and the rate of pressure rise dP/dtex, two thermo-kinetic parameters determined with a specifically developed control system and custom software. Nonetheless, a noticeable difference in the ignition sensitivity and the explosion severity was perceived when changing suppliers or petroleum cuts of some fuels. Moreover, sensitivity studies showed that both the droplet size distribution and the temperature of the droplets play a significant role in fuel mist explosion. These parameters can be directly related to the vapor fraction surrounding a droplet during its ignition. Consequently, this study focuses on the influence of varying the composition of three well-known and abundantly used fuels. Different petroleum cuts were introduced in different fractions into isooctane, Jet A1 aviation fuel, and diesel fuel mixtures, which were then aerosolized into a uniformly distributed turbulent mist cloud and ignited using spark ignitors of 100 J. Subsequently, complementary tests were executed in a vertical flame propagation tube coupled with a high-speed video camera allowing the visualization of the flame and the determination of the spatial flame velocity, and a tentative estimation of the laminar burning velocity. The latter was also estimated from the pressure-time evolution in the 20 L sphere using existing correlations. Indeed, the determination of the laminar burning velocity can be useful in modeling such accidents. Finally, highlighting the essential role of the mist and vapor fraction during their ignition has led to a better understanding of their explosion mechanisms
