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Hydromechanical characterization of the behaviour of Chateau-Landon chalk
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents an experimental investigation on the hydromechanical behaviour of a partially saturated soft rock (aporous chalk), the Chateau-Landon chalk. Such conditions correspond to those of a chalk mine known as Royer locatedin the North-centre of France in Paris basin, subjected to shrinking, drying and potential flooding cycles. To study thisrock, we apply a method usually used in soils whose hydromechanical behaviour is strongly modified by changes insuction, according to the degree of water saturation. Different degrees of saturation are imposed by controlled relativehumidity conditions with continuous measurement of physical parameters. Hydrostatic compression and conventionaltriaxial compression tests are performed under drained conditions for saturation degrees up to 100% under low confiningpressures. The obtained results have allowed to show fundamental aspects of the chalk behaviour. Correlations betweenwater saturation degree, confining pressure and the mechanical behaviour of the chalk are discussed
Chemical occurrence of pesticides and transformation products in two small lentic waterbodies at the head of agricultural watersheds and biological responses in caged Gasterosteus aculeatus
No full textInternational audienceRecent monitoring campaigns have revealed the presence of mixtures of pesticides and their transformation products (TP) in headwater streams situated within agricultural catchments. These observations were attributed to the use of various agrochemicals in surrounding regions. The aim of this work was to compare the application of chemical and ecotoxicological tools for assessing environmental quality in relation to pesticide and TP contamination. It was achieved by deploying these methodologies in two small lentic water bodies located at the top of two agricultural catchments, each characterized by distinct agricultural practices (ALT: organic, CHA: conventional). Additionally, the results make it possible to assess the impact of contamination on fish caged in situ.Pesticides and TP were measured in water using active and passive samplers and suspended solid particles. Eighteen biomarkers (innate immune responses, oxidative stress, biotransformation, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption) were measured in Gasterosteus aculeatus encaged in situ.More contaminants were detected in CHA, totaling 25 compared to 14 in ALT. Despite the absence of pesticide application in the ALT watershed for the past 14 years, 7 contaminants were quantified in 100 % of the water samples. Among these contaminants, 6 were TPs (notably atrazine-2-hydroxy, present at a concentration exceeding 300 ng·L−1), and 1 was a current pesticide, prosulfocarb, whose mobility should prompt more caution and new regulations to protect adjacent ecosystems and crops. Regarding the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2), caged fish was similarly impacted in ALT and CHA. Variations in biomarker responses were highlighted depending on the site, but the results did not reveal whether one site is of better quality than the other. This outcome was likely attributed to the occurrence of contaminant mixtures in both sites. The main conclusions revealed that chemical and biological tools complement each other to better assess the environmental quality of wetlands such as ponds
Identification de travaux ou de procédés à inscrire à l’arrêté fixant la liste des substances, mélanges et procédés cancérogènes - Etablissement d’une liste hiérarchisée de procédés à expertiser pour une éventuelle inclusion dans l’arrêté français fixant la liste des substances, mélanges et procédés cancérogènes
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2023). Etablissement d’une liste hiérarchisée de procédés à expertiser pour une éventuelle inclusion dans l’arrêté français fixant la liste des substances, mélanges et procédés cancérogènes (saisine n°2017-SA-0237). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 53 p.Le Code du travail définit, dans son article R.4412-60, les agents chimiques cancérogènes, mutagènes ou toxiques pour la reproduction (CMR) comme étant :- toute substance ou mélange répondant aux critères de classification dans la catégorie 1A ou 1B des substances ou mélanges CMR définis à l'annexe I du règlement (CE) n°1272/2008 relatif à la classification, l’étiquetage et l’emballage des substances et des mélanges (CLP) ;- toute substance, tout mélange ou tout procédé inscrit dans un arrêté conjoint des ministres chargés du travail et de l’agriculture fixant la liste des substances, mélanges et procédés cancérogènes.Actuellement, la liste figurant dans cet arrêté1 est essentiellement issue de la transposition de directives européennes (à l’exception du formaldéhyde pour lequel la décision a été prise au niveau national) et comporte les procédés suivants :- fabrication d’auramine ;- travaux exposant aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) présents dans la suie, le goudron, la poix, la fumée ou les poussières de la houille ;- travaux exposant aux poussières, fumées ou brouillards produits lors du grillage et de l’électroraffinage des mattes de nickel ;- procédé à l’acide fort dans la fabrication d’alcool isopropylique ;- travaux exposant aux poussières de bois inhalables ;- travaux exposant au formaldéhyde ;- travaux exposant à la poussière de silice cristalline alvéolaire issue de procédés de travail ;- travaux entraînant une exposition cutanée à des huiles minérales qui ont été auparavant utilisées dans des moteurs à combustion interne pour lubrifier et refroidir les pièces mobiles du moteur ;- travaux exposant aux émissions d’échappement de moteurs Diesel.De ce classement découle l’application par les employeurs des dispositions réglementaires particulières applicables aux agents chimiques CMR, impliquant notamment une obligation de substitution dès que cela est techniquement possible
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Cultivation Combined with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation and Steel Slag Application Influences Trace Elements-Polluted Soil Bacterial Functioning
No full textThis article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Communities in Stressed and Polluted Soils Related to Plant Phylogeny Volume IIInternational audienceThe cultivation of aromatic plants for the extraction of essential oils has been presented as an innovative and economically viable alternative for the remediation of areas polluted with trace elements (TE). Therefore, this study focuses on the contribution of the cultivation of coriander and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with mineral amendments (steel slag) on the bacterial function of the rhizosphere, an aspect that is currently poorly understood and studied. The introduction of soil amendments, such as steel slag or mycorrhizal inoculum, had no significant effect on coriander growth. However, steel slag changed the structure of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere without affecting microbial function. In fact, Actinobacteria were significantly less abundant under slag-amended conditions, while the relative proportion of Gemmatimonadota increased. On the other hand, the planting of coriander affects the bacterial community structure and significantly increased the bacterial functional richness of the amended soil. Overall, these results show that planting coriander most affected the structure and functioning of bacterial communities in the TE-polluted soils and reversed the effects of mineral amendments on rhizosphere bacterial communities and their activities. This study highlights the potential of coriander, especially in combination with steel slag, for phytomanagement of TE-polluted soils, by improving soil quality and health
Une approche ethnographique de la sécurité industrielle dans la chimie
No full textInternational audienceLa thématique de la prévention des risques industriels majeurs (RIM) n’est pas neuve. Elle a connu de nombreux développements dans diverses disciplines : ergonomie, sciences politiques, droit, gestion, géographie. Notre approche est singulière à plusieurs titres : tout d’abord, elle s’est concentrée, notamment dans cet ouvrage, sur des entreprises de chimie de spécialité, secteur productif hétérogène, peu décrit dans la littérature ; ensuite, nous abordons la « fabrique de la prévention des RIM » de l’intérieur, et non pas à partir de la technique seule, comme le font les ingénieurs, de l’action publique ou du territoire, comme peuvent le faire des politistes ou des géographes ; de plus, l’enquête ethnographique longue sur le terrain est attentive aux activités de travail et aux interactions entre de nombreux acteurs internes à différents niveaux de ces entreprises, mais aussi avec des acteurs externes, dont l’action est vue à partir de l’interne ; enfin, nous « pensons par cas », c’est-à-dire que chacun des 5 cas est étudié de manière extensive. De l’examen et de l’analyse de ces cas émergent des éclairages empiriques et questionnements transversaux sur les questions de sécurité industrielle et de risques technologiques. Cela nous permet alors de réfléchir aux choix d’organisations, par exemple à la place et au fonctionnement du service sécurité, au rôle attribué à différents acteurs, comme les représentants du personnel, à la manière dont sont externalisées certaines fonctions. Ces analyses permettent de mobiliser et d’interroger les travaux sociologiques qui se sont intéressés à la haute-fiabilité organisationnelle ou à des phénomènes comme la normalisation de la déviance dans les univers à risque. L’ouvrage n’est donc pas une étude de cas, mais une approche au plus près du terrain de la thématique de la sécurité dont nous appréhendons la complexité à la fois sociale et technique grâce au travail de recherche de long terme que nous menons depuis 2004 dans ces types d’organisation à risques
Highlighting molecular markers of PM sources: Benefits of non-target screening strategy based on HRMS combined with multivariate statistical analyses
No full textInternational audienceThe negative impact of particulate matter (PM, aerosols) on air quality, and so health, is largely recognized. The implementation of policies to reduce their concentrations in ambient air requires the knowledge of their sources. The study and evaluation of PM sources can be achieved by monitoring marker compounds or chemical signatures further used in statistical source-receptor models. However, some PM sources are still not discriminated due to the lack of specific molecular markers. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) enables to obtain a more complete characterization of environmental matrices. Using HRMS data, non-target screening (NTS) approaches combined with multivariate statistical analyses can be used to compare the chemical fingerprints of samples to highlight and identify substances of interest. In this work, we evaluated the potential of a fingerprinting comparison approach to highlight specific molecular markers of PM sources currently unresolved. Two sources of PM were studied considering their significant contributions to the ambient air concentrations: biomass burning and vehicular exhaust emissions. On the former, the objective was to discriminate between residential wood burning and garden green waste burning emissions and, on the latter, the discrimination of both primary and secondary sources of PM from exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel and gasoline vehicle engines was assessed. Several experiments under simulated real-world conditions were performed to collect PM samples from both sources. Residential wood heating (fireplace and woodstove) and garden green waste burning (hedge trimming, fallen leaves) experiments were carried out in a large combustion chamber to simulate ambient air dilution conditions. Vehicular exhaust samples were collected from chassis dynamometer tests using two modern (EURO 5 standard) gasoline and diesel vehicles. Their emissions were also aged using an oxidation flow reactor to simulate atmospheric photochemical processes (associated to OH radical reactivity). Samples were then characterized using non-targeted analytical methods using HRMS coupled with both liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC). The analytical procedures were optimized to detect as many species as possible. Chemical fingerprints obtained were compared combining several multivariate statistical analyses (e.g., partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and cluster analyses). Overall, about thirty chemical features were highlighted as characteristic of garden green waste burning and four of residential wood heating. Tentative identification or potential molecular formulas were proposed for the different marker candidates. Similarly, about ten chemical features specific of primary or secondary gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions have been determined. The combination of HRMS NTS chemical characterization with multivariate statistical analyses shows promise for uncovering organic aerosol fingerprinting and highlighting key molecular markers of PM sources. Such species might be used for further PM source apportionment purposes in ambient air
PostMinQuake: Seismicity of selected closed European hard coal mines during flooding
No full textInternational audienceDurch den Abbau von Steinkohle entstehen große unterirdische Hohlräume, die den Untergrund und die Landoberfläche erheblich beeinträchtigen. Beobachtungen des Verhaltens der Landoberfläche nach der Schließung von Bergwerken zeigen, dass diese Gefahren nicht verschwinden. In der Nachbergbauphase kommt es zu einem Grubenwasseranstieg in untertägigen Kohlebergwerken. Hierbei fließt das Wasser in den offenen Grubenbau und andere veränderte oder durchbrochene Bereiche.In diesem Beitrag werden die ersten Erkenntnisse aus dem PostMinQuake-Projekt vorgestellt. Dieses zielt darauf ab, Mechanismen, relevante Parameter und Abhängigkeiten von bergbaulichen und geologischen Parametern zu ermitteln, die in mehreren europäischen Kohleregionen Seismizität nach dem Abbau verursachen. Außerdem wird die Korrelation zwischen Seismizität und Grundwasserspiegel in den untersuchten Gebieten dargestellt, die während der Nachbergbauphase beobachtet wurde. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass es notwendig ist, neue Maßnahmen zur Überwachung dieser seismischen Ereignisse einzuführenMining of hard coal creates large underground cavities, which significantly affect the subsurface and land surface. Observations of land surface behaviour after the closure of mines demonstrate that these threats do not disappear. During mine water rebound in the post-mining phase of underground coalmines, the water flows into the open mine workings and other altered or fissured areas.This paper provides early observations from the PostMinQuake project, which is designed to identify mechanisms, relevant parameters and dependencies of mining and geological parameters causing post-mining seismicity in several European coal regions. It also presents the correlation between seismicity and water table level in the studied basins that has been observed during the post-mining phase and shows the necessity of implementing new procedures to monitor these seismic event
Detecting and Characterizing Particulate Organic Nitrates with an Aerodyne Long-ToF Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
No full textInternational audienc
QSPR models to predict the physical hazards of mixtures: a state of art
No full textInternational audiencePhysical hazards of chemical mixtures, associated for example with their fire or explosion risks, are generally characterized using experimental tools. These tests can be expensive, complex, long to perform and even dangerous for operators. Therefore, for several years and especially with the implementation of the REACH regulation, predictive methods like quantitative structure-property relationships have been encouraged as alternatives tests to determine (eco)toxicological but also physical hazards of chemical substances. Initially, these approaches were intended for pure products, by considering a molecular similarity principle. However, additional to those for pure products, QSPR models for mixtures recently appeared and represent an increasing field of research. This study proposes a state of the art of existing QSPR models specifically dedicated to the prediction of the physical hazards of mixtures. Identified models have been analysed on the key elements of model development (experimental data and fields of application, descriptors used, development and validation methods). It draws up an overview of the potential and limitations of current models as well as areas of progress towards enlarged deployment as a complement to experimental characterizations, for example in the search for safer substances (according to safety-by-design concepts)
Formation of nitrogen-containing gas phase products from the heterogeneous (photo)reaction of NO2 with gallic acid
No full textInternational audienceHeterogeneous reaction of gas phase NO2 with atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) is potentially an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including nitrogen (N)-containing compounds, a class of brown carbon of emerging importance. However, the role of ubiquitous water-soluble aerosol components in this multiphase chemistry, namely nitrate and iron ions, remains largely unexplored. Here, we used secondary electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry for real-time measurements of VOCs formed during the heterogeneous reaction of gas phase NO2 with a solution containing gallic acid (GA) as a proxy of HULIS at pH 5 relevant for moderately acidic aerosol particles. Results showed that the number of detected N-containing organic compounds largely increased from 4 during the NO2 reaction with GA in the absence of nitrate and iron ions to 55 in the presence of nitrate and iron ions. The N-containing compounds have reduced nitrogen functional groups, namely amines, imines and imides. These results suggest that the number of N-containing compounds is significantly higher in deliquescent aerosol particles due to the influence of relatively higher ionic strength from nitrate ions and complexation/redox reactivity of iron cations compared to that in the dilute aqueous phase representative of cloud, fog, and rain water