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Attribution of Wintertime Anticyclonic Stagnation Contributing to Air Pollution in Western Europe
No full textInternational audienc
Safety devices in Ex applications. Are you complying with Ex regulations ?
No full textInternational audienceSafety devices in Ex applications. Are you complying with Ex regulations ? New mandatory requirements for end-users. The case for drive systems or circuit breakers associated with Ex motors. In Europe, ATEX 94/9/EC and 2014/34/EU directives provide mandatory requirements that are applicable to the safety of equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (ATEX). For Ex "d" & Ex "e" motors driven systems for use in ATEX, the regulations require safety devices for motor protection in case of over temperature or overload in the motor. Those safety devices are covered in Europe by an harmonized standard that is a mandatory requirement : the EN 50495 standard. At IEC level, a document is in progress for worldwide use and will provide similar requirements. The compliance of the requirements from this safety devices’ new standard can be done both by manufacturer or by the end user during the choice of the relevant safety device, depending on the Ex motor protection mode. This paper explains the interest of these new mandatory requirements for end users in the case of drive systems or circuit breakers associated with Ex motors
Etat des lieux des risques, impacts et nuisances liés à la géothermie profonde
No full textInternational audienceDeep geothermal drilling is growing in the context of energetic transition. Like any industrial activity, it is coming with potential impacts and nuisances and a number of possible accidental risks for people and the environment. These risks have to be clearly identified and controlled in order to make this activity fully compatible with the expectations and the needs of the citizens.La géothermie profond est amenée à se développer dans le cadre de la transition énergétique. Comme toute activité industrielle, elle s’accompagne d’impacts et de nuisances potentielles et d’un certain nombre de risques accidentels pour l’homme et l’environnement. Ceux-ci doivent être clairement identifiés et maîtrisés dans le but de rendre cette activité compatible avec les attentes et les exigences des citoyens
Comportement d’une particule dans un tube à essai agité par un vortex
No full textInternational audienceVortex-shakers prove to be efficient devices for studying the dustiness of powders. The position of an alumina particle in an agitated test tube has been followed by PEPT (Positron Emission Particle Tracking). Population densities were computed as the frequency of the particle’s presence in different regions of the test tube. The velocities of the particle were calculated by filtering out all displacements inferior to a critical distance dcrit so as not to consider spurious movements caused by experimental noise. After its validation, the methodology was applied to the standard condition of a vortex shaker experiment (ω = 1500 rpm, 2 g of powder and open test tube). While the horizontal coordinates and velocity components follow a symmetric distribution, the vertical coordinate is characterised by a large asymmetrical plateau. The heights reached by the particle (up to 24.3 mm) are small in comparison to that of the test tube (150 mm). The greatest velocities are found near the inner wall of the test tube and at the highest heights where the population densities are the lowest. The method explicated in the present study is directly applicable to any other sets of data obtained through PEPT, especially if the system is of small dimension.Pour étudier la pulvérulence des poudres, l’utilisation d’un agitateur vortex s’avère être efficace. La position d’une particule d’alumine dans un tube à essai agité a été suivie par la technique PEPT (Positron Emission Particle Tracking). Les densités de population ont été approximées comme étant la fréquence de la présence de la particule dans différentes régions du tube. La vitesse de la particule a été calculée après avoir éliminé tous les déplacements inférieurs à une distance critique dcrit afin de ne pas considérer les faux mouvements causés par le bruit d’acquisition. Après sa validation, la méthodologie fut appliquée aux conditions standards d'une expérience avec l'agitateur vortex (ω = 1500 rpm, 2 g de poudre et tube à essai ouvert). Les coordonnées et la vitesse horizontales sont caractérisés par une distribution symétrique tandis que la coordonnée verticale est caractérisée par un large plateau asymétrique. Les hauteurs atteintes par la particule (jusqu'à 24.3 mm) sont petites en comparaison à celle du tube à essai (150 mm). Les vitesses les plus grandes se trouvent près de la paroi du tube à essai et aux hauteurs les plus élevées où la densité de population est la plus basse. La méthode présentée dans ce travail est directement applicable à tout autre jeu de données obtenu avec la technique PEPT, particulièrement si le système est de petite taille
Modélisation des aérosols atmosphériques pour la gestion de la qualité de l'air
No full textFor the World Health Organisation (WHO), air pollution is a major environmental risk to health and particularly particulate matter (PM). The most health-damaging particles are those with a diameter of 10 microns or less, (PM10), which can penetrate and lodge deep inside the lungs. PM is responsible for a lost of life expectancy particularly when we consider long-term exposure to PM2.5 (Martinelli et al., 2013). Based on expert evaluations, WHO (2005) provides some guidelines for PM, respectively 10 μg m-3 for PM2.5 and 20 μg m-3 for PM10 to be not exceeded on an annual basis. Particles also play a role on the evolution of climate via direct and indirect effects (IPCC, 2013). In Europe, PM is still a major problem for regional air quality (EEA, 2013a), and the member states have to take measures to reduce the exposure to comply with EU standards driven by international guidelines and regulations..
Non-target screening and identification of emerging pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in wastewaters
No full textInternational audienceWastewaters represent a major pathway of introduction of EDCs into the aquatic environment. Considering the large diversity of compounds and their possible transformation products, many EDCs are currently unknown. Therefore, characterization of the presence and identification of EDCs in wastewater are major issues in order to assess their occurrence in natural waters and the associated risks for wildlife. To date, in vitro assays based on luciferase reporter gene expression, are available to assess the biological activities of samples in a quantitative, sensitive, specific and fast way. The comparison of concentrations derived from bioassays and from chemical analyzes allows assessing the contribution of micropollutants to the overall biological or toxic activity of a sample. In this study, a systematic approach combining effect-directed analysis (EDA) and high resolution spectrometry was applied to several urban WWTPs to establish an overall contamination diagnostic and to identify major contaminant that could be released in environment. For this purpose, crude extract from influent and effluent of an urban WWTP were analyzed by LC-QTOF and tested on estrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids receptors. The non-target screening allowed detecting more than 7000 and 4000 signals in influent and effluent extracts of WWTP, respectively. We observed that 70% of compounds detected in effluent were produced by the treatment process suggesting the formation of transformation products. Concerning the strategy implemented to identify compounds of interest, it was decided to use effect-directed analyses methodology to have a tool to target active compounds in relation with selected biological activity. To this end, the crude extracts were fractionated by HPLC and biologically active fractions were isolated for further chemical identification. Biological fractionation profile of samples indicated the presence of estrogenic and glucocorticoid activities at all studied sites with very similar fractionation patterns between sites, highlighting major and recurrent individual fractions. The identification of active compounds was performed using LC-QTOF and several drugs and their transformation products (e.g. O-desmethyl venlafaxine, O-desmethyl tramadol) were recurrent found. This approach combined to LC-QTOF has allowed establishing a list of systematic detected non-target compounds in several wastewaters
Variability of the non‐persistent chemical exposome in pregnant women and school-age children
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Modelling the fate of chemicals in humans using a lifetime physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in MERLIN-expo
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter presents the human model implemented in MERLIN-Expo. This model is a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes the relationship between an external dose and an internal dosimetry using parameters related to the anatomy and physiology of individuals and the physico-chemical properties of the contaminants. The goal of the PBPK model is to simulate the toxicokinetics of contaminants in humans, e.g. the amounts or concentrations of contaminants in different organs/tissues, under various exposure conditions. The generic PBPK model is based on a detailed compartmentalisation of the human body and parameterised with relationships describing the time evolution of the physiology and anatomy of the individuals. In this chapter, we present the detailed description of the human model and the conditions to apply it in MERLIN-Expo. Finally, the model predictability is evaluated by a direct comparison between computational predictions and experimental data on small case studies
Cigarette butts : A small but hazardous waste, according to European regulation
No full textInternational audienceThe emergence of companies collecting cigarette butts (CB) leads to a new waste stream, exclusively made of butts, whereas they were previously mixed with household and municipal waste. In order to conclude on the classification of this new stream, according to the Waste Framework Directive, three cigarette butts samples were analyzed and submitted to ecotoxicological tests. Hazard properties HP 4 (irritant – skin irritation and eye damage), HP 5 (specific target organ toxicity/aspiration toxicity), HP 6 (acute toxicity), HP 7 (carcinogenic), HP 8 (corrosive), HP 10 (toxic for reproduction), HP 11 (mutagenic) and HP 13 (sensitising) have been assessed by calculation, thanks to the analytical results. HP 14 (ecotoxic) has been evaluated both through calculation method and ecotoxicity tests. Even if the obtained mass balance was not complete, it was still sufficient to classify by calculation CB as hazardous waste, by HP 6 (toxicity), mainly due to their nicotine content. A classification by HP 14 (ecotoxicity) was also determined but only by ecotoxicological tests results, whatever the applied framework (French or “harmonized” test battery). These results highlight the limitation of the classification methodology adopted by European Council which necessitates to identify all compounds to perform a full detailed assessment