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The importance of uncertain parameter for fire modeling
No full textInternational audienceSeveral approaches exist nowadays to predict fire consequences in enclosures, from the simplest algebraic correlations to the more complex CFD models. A quick analysis of the interests and limits of those different approaches highlights the great interest of CFD approaches to take into account numerous important parameters such as geometry, fire ventilation or heat transfer
Studying induced seismicity within the EPOS Thematic Core Service on Anthropogenic Hazards (TCS-AH)
No full textInternational audienceThe EPOS TCS-AH brings together a broad community interested in Anthropogenic Hazards (AH) related to induced seismicity. It is designed as a functional e-research infrastructure that provides access to a large set of relevant data and allows free experimentations in a virtual laboratory, promoting interdisciplinary collaborations between stakeholders (the scientific community, industrial partners and society). The platform provides datasets as Episodes, which comprehensively describe AH cases for infrastructures, people and/or environment. They are grouped in several categories of subsurface exploitations: CO2 sequestration, conventional hydrocarbon extraction, geothermal energy production, reservoir impoundment, unconventional hydrocarbon extraction, underground gas storage, underground mining, and wastewater injection. They gather datasets relevant for the considered hazards (e.g. seismic, air/water quality), industrial data (e.g. well path, injection rates, mining front advance, gas production, water level), and other geodata (e.g. geological section, velocity model, faults, shear wave velocity, bathymetric map). Two local data centers (eNodes: IG-PAS/Poland and CDGP-EOST/France) provide metadata and data to the TCS-AH platform in commonly used standards and formats (e.g. miniSEED, GeoTIFF, and .mat). A registration/authorization is mandatory to access some data covered by restriction imposed by data industry providers or shared data embargoed by running projects. The platform grants access to an application portfolio, designed for the AH area, and addressing: (1) basic services for data integration and handling; (2) services for physical models of stress/strain changes over time and space as driven by geo-resource production; (3) services for analyses of geophysical signals; (4) services to extract the relation between technological operations and observed induced seismic/deformation; (5) services to quantitative probabilistic assessments of anthropogenic seismic hazard - statistical properties of anthropogenic seismic series and their dependence on time-varying anthropogenesis; ground motion prediction equations; stationary and time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard estimates, related to time-changeable technological factors inducing the seismic process; (6) simulator for multi-hazard/multi-risk assessment in exploration/exploitation of georesources (MERGER) - numerical estimate of the occurrence probability of chains of events or processes impacting the environment
Mesure du flux de CO2 et de CH4 d'origine naturelle des sols. Valeurs de référence. Application à l'après-mine.
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Mesure de flux massiques de contaminants dans les eaux souterraines. Tests sur sites atelier
No full textInternational audienceLes flux massiques de contaminants peuvent permettre une meilleure gestion des sites et sols pollués. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, ils sont estimés à partir d’échantillons moyens d’eaux souterraines et du flux d’eaux souterraines obtenu par la méthode de Darcy. Dans cette estimation, les variations spatiales et temporelles de ces données ne sont pas prises en compte, ce qui induit une forte incertitude sur le flux massique de contaminants. Les échantillonneurs passifs de flux (EPF) permettent de les mesurer directement. Dans le cadre du projet Passiflux, deux d’entre eux (les PFMs d’Enviroflux et les échantillonneurs iFLUX) ont été exposés au cours de 4 campagnes sur 2 sites. Les concentrations moyennes déduites des EPF sont généralement comparables aux concentrations obtenues à partir d’échantillons d’eau prélevés selon la technique conventionnelle, à la lumière des horizons productifs en pompage. L’intérêt de ces dispositifs pour une mesure multi-niveaux et une meilleure caractérisation de la contamination a également pu été démontré dans le cadre de ce projet. Ces dispositifs demandent désormais à être testés pour mesurer la charge massique traversant un plan de référence sur site réel, au moyen de forages positionnés dans le plan
Towards more accurate particulate organic nitrate quantification through aerosol mass spectrometry
No full textInternational audienceA large fraction of particulate organic nitrates (pON) arise from reactions involving volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrate radicals (NO3) contributing significantly to tropospheric particulate matter. However, their quantification remains challenging. Previous studies with Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) show that the fragmentation patterns of inorganic ammonium nitrate and pON significantly differ from each other resulting in a clear contrast in the ratio between the major nitrate fragments, i.e., the NO+/NO2+ ratio. Detection of pONs leads to larger NO+/NO2+ values, but with high variability depending on the pON precursors. Additional uncertainty is also introduced while performing unit mass resolution (UMR) analysis as an organic ion fragment (CH2O+) is typically present at the same unit mass as NO+. Underestimation of this organic fragment can lead to significant overestimation of pON. As part of the Aerosol Chemical Monitor Calibration Centre (ACMCC) pON experiment, we generated pON via NO3 oxidation of four different VOCs (limonene, β-pinene, guaiacol, and acenaphthylene) in a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor. The pON were detected with a High Resolution (HR) AMS equipped with a Long Time-of-Flight chamber facilitating a mass resolution approaching 8000 M/ΔM, further enabling separation of nitrogen containing peaks in the mass spectrum. We observed precursor-dependent differences in the nitrate loading when comparing UMR and HR results mainly linked to CH2O+ underestimation with the default AMS fragmentation table. Here we present a modified fragmentation table with the goal of providing more accurate pON quantification in ambient air via UMR aerosol mass spectrometry such as Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). We also compare the abundance of other nitrogen-containing HR-AMS ion signals (e.g. combinations of carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen and carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen/oxygen atoms) obtained for the different pON types. We acknowledge the European COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL, the H2020 ACTRIS-2 project (grant agreements no. 654109 and the ERC Starting Grant 638703-COALA
NORMAN Non-target screening (NTS) prioritisation scheme for ranking thousands of contaminants of emerging concern in effluent wastewater collected from Europe
No full textInternational audiencePrioritisation of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) remains a challenging task of primary importance for environmental managers and the scientific community as regards the definition of priority actions for pollution prevention & control and for the allocation of resources to address current knowledge gaps. The NORMAN prioritisation scheme combines the traditional risk-based ranking process with the preliminary application of a decision tree, which allows the allocation of substances into six action categories, based on the knowledge gaps and actions needed to fill them, e.g. development of more powerful analytical methods, launch of monitoring campaigns and performing additional ecotoxicity tests. The ranking within each category is then evaluated by occurrence, hazard and risk criteria. The tremendous improvements in high-resolution mass spectrometry and the development of advanced chemometric tools resulted in the update of the NORMAN prioritisation scheme, so that it incorporates the automatic retrieval of the occurrence of CECs through retrospective suspect screening. The objective of the study was to present a) the updated NORMAN prioritization scheme and the modifications introduced and b) the application of the scheme for the prioritization of more than 40,000 CECs in 46 effluent wastewater samples collected from Europe
What is the risk of drinking water downstream from sites polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ? Comparative toxicity of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (O-PACs) to associated PAHs
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: In industrialized countries, a lot of PAH-contaminated sites can be identified. PAH high toxicity has already been demonstrated. However, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) can be found at these sites and may therefore contribute to the risk for humans and the environment such as oxygenated PACs (O-PACs). O-PACs are emitted from the same sources as PAHs and can be formed by oxidation of the parent PAHs. They show a higher mobility and persistence in soils than PAH, and thus, a possible risk for human by drinking groundwater. In order to better assess the health risk associated to PAH-contaminated sites (former coking plants, gasworks or wood preservation facilities), 11 O-PACs were selected for their frequency of occurrence in groundwater and structural diversity. Method: A literature review summarizing existing data was performed on various toxicological endpoints for all 11 O-PACs. All results were gathered and analyzed in order to compare their toxicity to the associated PAH with the most similar structure. Since O-PACs are not extensively described in the databases, results were completed with (Q)SAR predictions and Threshold Toxicological Concern (TTC) safety assessment. Results: 3 of these compounds were already investigated. Anthraquinone (ANTQ), dibenzofuran (DBF) and 9H-fluorenone (9HF) were compared to their respectively associated PAH: anthracene, acenaphthene and fluorene. In the overall toxicity comparison of ANTQ to its parent compound anthracene, ANTQ seams to represent a greater danger based on a more important carcinogenicity. On the other hand, DBF and 9HF present the same level of toxicity on every studied endpoint compared to acenaphthene and fluorene. Conclusion: This preliminary work demonstrated that O-PACs present at least the same level of toxicity than their associated PAH, suggesting that a follow-up of those molecules could be implemented for groundwater in order to assess its quality
A coupled hydromechanical modelling of internal erosion around shield tunnel
No full textInternational audienceTunnel leakage is one of the most important factors of the ground movement (Zhang et al. 2017). However, the effect of the loss of fines has not been deeply discussed in the previous study. The leakage of underground water through the cracks and joints of lining commonly carries fines in the form of silt and clay from the surrounding ground, i.e. internal erosion (Bonelli and Marot 2011). The change of porosity due to loss of fines affects the mechanical behaviour of the surrounding soil (Yin et al. 2014; Yin et al. 2016). Conversely, the change of porosity influences the permeability of the sand and, therefore, its hydraulic conductivity. In this study, the effect of leakage on the tunnel in sand layer was investigated numerically with a coupled hydro-mechanical continuum approach, considering the internal erosion phenomenon induced by the local flows of underground water
Prioritisation of water pollutants: the EU Project SOLUTIONS proposes a methodological framework for the integration of mixture risk assessments into prioritisation procedures under the European Water Framework Directive
No full textInternational audienceCurrent prioritisation procedures under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) do not account for risks from chemical mixtures. SOLUTIONS proposes a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach to tackle the problem effectively. The approach merges all available evidence from co-exposure modelling, chemical monitoring, effect-based monitoring, and ecological monitoring. Full implementation of the proposed methodology requires changes in the legal text in adaptation to scientific progress