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Modelling BPA effects on three-spined stickleback population dynamics in mesocosms to improve the understanding of population effects
No full textInternational audienceBisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical, is ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment. Its impacts at the population level on three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have been studied in artificial streams with low-dose BPA concentrations. The causes explaining the observed effects remained unclear. Here, we used an individual-based model coupled to a Dynamic Energy Budget model to (i) assess the potential of modelling to predict impacts at the population level using individual level laboratory ecotoxicological endpoints and (ii) provide insight on the mechanisms of BPA toxicity in these mesocosms. To do that, both direct and indirect effects of BPA on three-spined sticklebacks were incorporated in the model. Indeed, direct BPA effects on fish have been identified based on literature data whereas indirect effects on sticklebacks have been taken into account using sampling data of their prey from the exposed artificial streams. Results of the modelling showed that direct BPA effects on fish (impacts on gonad formation, growth, male reproductive behavior, eggs and larvae survival) mainly explained the three-spined stickleback population structure in the mesocosms, but indirect effects were not negligible. Hence, this study showed the potential of modelling in risk assessment to predict the impacts on fish population viability from behavioral and physiological effects measured on organisms
Les impacts de la pollution de l’air
No full textInternational audienceC’est la mise en évidence des effets induits par la pollution atmosphérique qui permet, grâce à une prise de conscience collective, la mise en place de politiques publiques visant à protéger les cibles de la pollution, à savoir la santé humaine et l’environnement, ou, plus largement, les écosystèmes dans leur ensemble. Des nombreuses études nationales et internationales permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’action de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé humaine, mais également de chiffrer le nombre de personnes exposées à celle-ci. Les connaissances sur l’impact de la pollution atmosphérique sur les écosystèmes naturels et agricoles évoluent également et sont sous surveillance, notamment en Europe. En plus des effets observés sur les différents milieux, la pollution atmosphérique a également des conséquences économiques importantes. Enfin, le changement climatique et la pollution de l'air sont étroitement liés. Ainsi, il est nécessaire d’identifier les actions de réduction des émissions s’avérant cobénéfiques dans les deux cas
Développement d’une filière éco-innovante de valorisation non alimentaire de phytomasse produite sur des sols contaminés par des éléments traces métalliques : production d’huiles essentielles
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Étude théorique de la décomposition thermique du nitrate d'ammonium en présence d'additifs et de contaminants
No full textMany chemicals are likely to lead to incompatibility when they are brought into voluntary or accidental contact with other substances or materials. To control these chemical risks, particularly in the industrial environment, a rapid and precise identification of these incompatibilities is necessary. This identification is carried out so far by laboratory tests (DSC) and the results are collected, for example, in the safety data sheets of each product and in tables of incompatibility existing in the literature. However, the information provided is limited and does not make it possible to identify and understand the cause-effect relationship of the incompatibility between two substances concerned, nor the chemical mechanism by which this incompatibility occurs. In this context, a priori prediction of the reactivity between two molecules or more by molecular modeling becomes a complementary tool to the experimental tests in order to be able to reliably understand and predict the reaction paths and the products that form when chemical substances are in touch. A first thesis (S. Cagnina, 2011-2014), in collaboration with Chimie ParisTech, aims to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of chemical incompatibilities between chemical substances to increase the safety of substances during their use, storage and transport. Was interested in understanding at the molecular level some mechanisms of chemical incompatibilities involving ammonium nitrate (NA) using the tools of quantum chemistry, such as DFT. The proposed thesis aims to accumulate cases of incompatibility studies of contaminants with the NA to develop prediction methods (focusing on the key steps of the reaction mechanisms) of the presence or absence of incompatibility and thus go towards the Development of a prediction computer tool. Another scientific challenge is to associate with thermodynamic considerations, the kinetic dimension, to predict in particular the kinetics of formation of dangerous products. The results will be tested at INERIS or CERL (Canadian Explosive Research Laboratory).De nombreuses substances chimiques sont susceptibles de mener à des phénomènes d’incompatibilité, lors de leur mise en contact volontaire ou accidentelle avec d’autres substances ou matériaux. Pour maîtriser ces risques chimiques, notamment dans l’environnement industriel, une identification rapide et précise de ces incompatibilités est nécessaire. Cette identification s’effectue, jusqu’à présent, par des essais de laboratoire (DSC) et les résultats sont collectés, par exemple, dans les fiches de données de sécurité de chaque produit et dans des tables d’incompatibilité existant dans la littérature. Cependant, les informations fournies sont limitées et ne permettent pas d’identifier et de comprendre la relation cause-effet de l’incompatibilité entre deux substances concernées, ni le mécanisme chimique par lequel cette incompatibilité se produit. Dans ce contexte, la prédiction a priori de la réactivité entre deux molécules, ou plus, par modélisation moléculaire devient un outil complémentaire aux essais expérimentaux pour pouvoir comprendre et prédire de manière fiable les chemins réactionnels et les produits qui se forment lorsque des substances chimiques sont en contact. En vue d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes d’incompatibilités chimiques entre substances chimiques pour accroître la sécurité liée aux substances pendant leur utilisation, stockage et transport, une première thèse (S. Cagnina, 2011-2014), en collaboration avec Chimie ParisTech, s’est intéressée à comprendre à l’échelle moléculaire quelques mécanismes d’incompatibilités chimiques mettant en jeu le nitrate d'ammonium (NA) en utilisant les outils de chimie quantique, telle que la DFT . La thèse proposée vise à accumuler des cas d’études d’incompatibilités de contaminants avec le NA pour développer des méthodes de prédiction (en se focalisant sur les étapes clés des mécanismes réactionnels) de la présence ou non d’incompatibilité et ainsi aller vers le développement d’un outil informatique de prédiction. Un autre enjeu scientifique est d’associer aux considérations thermodynamiques, la dimension cinétique, pour prévoir notamment la cinétique de formation de produits dangereux. Les résultats seront confrontés à des essais réalisés à l’INERIS ou au CERL (Canadian Explosive Research Laboratory)
Construire la prévention des risques industriels majeurs en jouant des différentes échelles d’action – un cas empirique.
No full textInternational audienceNotre communication veut rendre compte d’un cas empirique qui met en évidence les nombreuses frontières au sein desquelles ou par-delà lesquelles s’organise la gouvernance des risques industriels majeurs dans une des entreprises de la chimie fine dans lesquelles nous conduisons une recherche au long cours sur la prévention des risques industriels majeurs. Filiale française d’un groupe américain, cette usine est soumise à plusieurs règlementations au niveau national, mais aussi supra national, notamment européen. Elle doit les mettre en œuvre dans un contexte socio-technique particulier qui implique des adaptations. Ces ajustements sont le plus souvent l’objet de négociations entre l’organisation considérée et les autorités de contrôle.Mais elle doit aussi composer avec la gouvernance des risques telle que développée aux USA et qui cherche à s’imposer via des standards de production et de sécurité, des procédures qui cherchent à être homogènes à travers le monde, des outils mis à la disposition des filiales par la maison-mère, des audits visant à croiser les regards et assurer la conformité selon des référentiels, mais aussi à favoriser une appréhension plus consensuelle des directives envoyées par le corporate. Elle ne peut non plus ignorer les filtres que représente les niveaux intermédiaires tels que le groupe France ou d’autres groupes de supervision de certaines régions dans le monde. C’est donc à un décryptage de sphères d’actions multiscalaires qu’invite cette communication. On essaiera de cerner quelles interactions se mettent en place entre quels acteurs, et à quel niveau. Les éléments empiriques évoqués permettront de revisiter la littérature sur les systèmes industriels à risques et à suggérer quelques pistes d’ouverture
Combined effects of environmental xeno-estrogens within multi-component mixtures: Comparison of in vitro human- and zebrafish-based estrogenicity bioassays
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New energy carriers and additional risks for user safety in tunnels
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Strengthen the European collaborative environmental research to meet European policy goals for achieving a sustainable, non-toxic environment
No full textInternational audienceTo meet the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals and the European Union (EU) strategy for a non-toxic environment, water resources and ecosystems management require cost-efficient solutions for prevailing complex contamination and multiple stressor exposures. For the protection of water resources under global change conditions, specific research needs for prediction, monitoring, assessment and abatement of multiple stressors emerge with respect to maintaining human needs, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Collaborative European research seems an ideal instrument to mobilize the required transdisciplinary scientific support and tackle the large-scale dimension and develop options required for implementation of European policies. Calls for research on minimizing society’s chemical footprints in the water–food–energy–security nexus are required. European research should be complemented with targeted national scientific funding to address specific transformation pathways and support the evaluation, demonstration and implementation of novel approaches on regional scales. The foreseeable pressure developments due to demographic, economic and climate changes require solution-oriented thinking, focusing on the assessment of sustainable abatement options and transformation pathways rather than on status evaluation. Stakeholder involvement is a key success factor in collaborative projects as it allows capturing added value, to address other levels of complexity, and find smarter solutions by synthesizing scientific evidence, integrating governance issues, and addressing transition pathways. This increases the chances of closing the value chain by implementing novel solutions. For the water quality topic, the interacting European collaborative projects SOLUTIONS, MARS and GLOBAQUA and the NORMAN network provide best practice examples for successful applied collaborative research including multi-stakeholder involvement. They provided innovative conceptual, modelling and instrumental options for future monitoring and management of chemical mixtures and multiple stressors in European water resources. Advancement of EU water framework directive-related policies has therefore become an option
An evaluation of European nitrogen and sulfur wet deposition and their trends estimated by six chemistry transport models for the period 1990-2010
No full textInternational audienceThe wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in Europe for the period 1990-2010 was estimated by six atmospheric chemistry transport models (CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP MSC-W, LOTOS-EUROS, MATCH and MINNI) within the framework of the EURODELTA-Trends model intercomparison. The simulated wet deposition and its trends for two 11-year periods (1990-2000 and 2000-2010) were evaluated using data from observations from the EMEP European monitoring network. For annual wet deposition of oxidised nitrogen (WNOx), model bias was within 30% of the average of the observations for most models. There was a tendency for most models to underestimate annual wet deposition of reduced nitrogen (WNHx), although the model bias was within 40% of the average of the observations. Model bias for WNHx was inversely correlated with model bias for atmospheric concentrations of NH3 + NH4+ 4, suggesting that an underestimation of wet deposition partially contributed to an overestimation of atmospheric concentrations. Model bias was also within about 40% of the average of the observations for the annual wet deposition of sulfur (WSOx) for most models. Decreasing trends in WNOx were observed at most sites for both 11-year periods, with larger trends, on average, for the second period. The models also estimated predominantly decreasing trends at the monitoring sites and all but one of the models estimated larger trends, on average, for the second period. Decreasing trends were also observed at most sites for WNHx, although larger trends, on average, were observed for the first period. This pattern was not reproduced by the models, which estimated smaller decreasing trends, on average, than those observed or even small increasing trends. The largest observed trends were for WSOx, with decreasing trends at more than 80% of the sites. On average, the observed trends were larger for the first period. All models were able to reproduce this pattern, although some models underestimated the trends (by up to a factor of 4) and others overestimated them (by up to 40 %), on average. These biases in modelled trends were directly related to the tendency of the models to under-or overestimate annual wet deposition and were smaller for the relative trends (expressed as % yr(-1) relative to the deposition at the start of the period). The fact that model biases were fairly constant throughout the time series makes it possible to improve the predictions of wet deposition for future scenarios by adjusting the model estimates using a bias correction calculated from past observations. An analysis of the contributions of various factors to the modelled trends suggests that the predominantly decreasing trends in wet deposition are mostly due to reductions in emissions of the precursors NOx, NH3 and SOx. However, changes in meteorology (e.g. precipitation) and other (non-linear) interactions partially offset the decreasing trends due to emission reductions during the first period but not the second. This suggests that the emission reduction measures had a relatively larger effect on wet deposition during the second period, at least for the sites with observations