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Caractérisation des inégalités d'exposition au chlorpyrifos en Picardie
No full textInternational audienceContexte : Les données spatiales environnementales produites dans le cadre de projets de recherche, de la surveillance des milieux ou des populations peuvent être réutilisées pour évaluer l’exposition des populations sur les territoires. Pour une caractérisation fine des expositions environnementales, un premier verrou réside dans la capacité à rassembler au sein d'un même système d’analyse un ensemble de données combinant le mode de vie des populations et la contamination locale des milieux environnementaux sur des résolutions spatiales appropriées et des territoires étendus (échelles régionales). Méthodes : L’objectif est de décliner sur les territories une approche intégrée de modélisation de l’exposition aux substances chimiques sur des résolutions spatio-temporelles fines. D'une part, elle permet d’intégrer des bases de données environnementales (eau, air, sol, alimentation) et de les agréger sur des supports géographiques communs. D'autre part, elle permet d'estimer l’exposition des populations jusqu'à l'exposition interne à l'organe cible à partir du croisement des modèles de transport, de transfert, d'exposition multimedia et toxicocinétique pour caractériser le continuum source-environnement-homme. Résultats : Pour illustrer cette approche, le cas d'étude porte sur l'exposition au chlorpyrifos de la population générale dans l'ancienne région Picardie pour une année type (2013). Les zones d’expositions les plus élevées sont à proximité des parcelles sur lesquelles la substance est potentiellement plus épandue. La voie majoritaire correspond à la voie d’ingestion. Les cartographies obtenues permettent de confronter les doses internes aux données de biosurveillance (MecoExpo, HypoMeco, Elfe). Conclusions : Cette démarche intégrée d'évaluation de l'exposition fournit des éléments d'interprétation des inégalités environnementales dans une visée d'aide à la décision pour réduire les expositions. Cependant, la caractérisation de l'exposition comporte de nombreuses incertitudes au regard des données de mesures et des hypothèses de modélisation qui la sous-tend. Le besoin de mobiliser des données supplémentaires et de mieux évaluer les phénomènes de transfert devient nécessaire pour améliorer la représentativité des estimations
Improving our knowledge on Polar PAC mobilization and transfer in water from polluted soils by batch, laboratory and lysimeter column experiments
No full textInternational audienceBecause of their toxic and carcinogenic properties, 16 PAHs are regulated and measured for polluted site diagnosis and monitoring. Associated to PAHs, polar PACs (O-PACs and N-PACs) occur and could induce a risk for water resources. Moreover, recent studies revealed that polar PACs (i) are leached in higher proportions than PAHs and (ii) can be as toxic as corresponding PAHs. Consequently, the mechanisms involved in polar PAC mobilization and transfer to water need to be elucidated. In this project, the mobilization and transfer of polar PACs and PAHs were assessed via leaching experiments of aged contaminated soils. A multi-scale approach was used: batch (50 g), laboratory column (2 kg) and pilot scale column (2 m 3 lysimeter).In a first step, PAC mobilization was investigated in laboratory batch experiments under various conditions (temperature, ionic strength, PAC availability). For laboratory column, different nature (ionic strength, organic matter concentration) and flow of the percolating solutions were tested on two different columns (raw and contaminant availability increased soils). On the field scale, leaching tests were performed with artificial rain applied on a lysimeter column filled with a PAC contaminated soil.Batch experiments show a release of low molecular weight PAHs and polar PACs mainly by dissolution (Raoult's law), while higher molecular weight PAHs were mainly released in association with colloids. Aging mainly controls the former mechanism and ionic strength mainly controls the latter one.Column experiments confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs and satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is available, it is not the case for the raw soil.Leaching tests performed on the lysimeter column confirm a release of PACs according to a coaltar dissolution mechanism, although PAC concentrations in water are much lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult's law
Physicochemical Characterization of Iberian Wildfire Aerosol at Multiple European Sites
No full textInternational audienceA major wildfire event on the Iberian Peninsula resulted in smoke plumes transported across Europe in October 2017. We report aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) data on fine particle composition and auxiliary measurements from Spain, France, Denmark and Sweden. Our aim is to elucidate the physicochemical properties of ageing biomass burning particles and contribute to estimates of impact on air quality of severe wildfire episodes..
Activities around upper-tier SEVESO sites : How to protect against technological risk ?
No full textInternational audienceIn France, two years after the catastrophic industrial accident of Toulouse, a new law was introduced on July 30, 2003 which created the Technological Risk Prevention Plan (PPRT in French, standing for Plan de Prévention des Risques Technologiques). The aim of the PPRT is to protect people by action on the existing urbanization and by controlling the future land-use planning in the vicinity of the existing upper-tier SEVESO establishments. Each PPRT imposes rules of land-use, use and exploitation of buildings and activities, in a differentiated zoning according to the potential hazards: red zones (dark then clear) in the immediate proximity of the dangerous installations, and blue zones (dark then clean) further away from the danger. This article presents a methodology to help the activities concerned by a PPRT (more particularly those located in the blue zoning) to implement and optimize their protection. The approach follows 5 main stages: - Identification of the hazards affecting the activity ; - Analysis of the vulnerability of buildings (overpressure, thermal and toxic effects) ant the vulnerability of staff working indoors or outdoors ; - Analysis of the dynamics of dangerous phenomena (time available for people to be safe) ; - Study and choice of measures ; These measures may include informing and training staff and visitors, setting up an organization to react during an accident (receive and broadcast the alert, joint a confinement room or a refuge area, evacuate…) or carrying out protection works (reinforcement of buildings). - Implementation of selected measures and monitorin
High time resolution measurement and source apportionment of TC, BC and OC, EC
No full textInternational audienceMeasurements of carbonaceous aerosols are of vital importance for local, regional and global air quality monitoring, regional and global climate change investigations. The carbonaceous fractions are frequently separated into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) based on their volatility using thermal-optical methods. While the results for OC and especially EC concentrations vary significantly for different thermal evolution protocols, the total carbon (TC) concentration is very consistent between methods (Karanasiou et al., 2015). Therefore, we show an equivalent method and a new and innovative instrument, capable of highly time resolved measurement of total carbon (TC), which, combined with black carbon (BC) measurements (Drinovec et al., 2014; Hansen et al., 1982), provides an equivalent of OC and EC. We call this approach TC-BC. “TC-BC” online method combines an optical method for measuring BC by the Aethalometer AE33, and a thermal method for TC determination by the Total Carbon Analyzer TCA08 is used for source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with high time resolution at several measuring sites around the world. TC-BC method determines equivalent organic carbon fraction of carbonaceous aerosols as eOC = TC - b·BC, where b·BC is equivalent to elemental carbon (EC). The determined proportionality parameter b is region/site specific and depends to a large extent on a thermal protocol used to determine the EC fraction with the conventional OC/EC method. TCA08 measures concentration of TC by a rapid combustion of carbonaceous matter (CM) collected on a quartz filter. Pulse of CO2 which is created during combustion phase of the analysis is detected as a large transient increase above the CO2 level in the ambient air used as the carrier gas. Simplicity of the analysis allow us to have high time resolution measurement and easier field deployment of the instrument as no high purity gases are needed. TC-BC method was validated by comparing averaged high time resolved data to the conventional OC/EC analysis on 24h filters using different thermal protocols (EUSAAR2, IMPROVE, NIOSH) in the winter campaigns in Europe, Asia and N. America: Ljubljana (Slovenia), urban background site; Loški Potok (Slovenia), rural; Ispra/Milano (Italy), urban background, Paris (France), urban background; London (United Kingdom), urban background; Zurich (Switzerland), urban background; Magadino (Switzerland), rural; Beijing (China), urban; New Delhi (India), urban; Los Angeles (United States of America), urban; Additionally, at some sites parallel measurements with aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS or ACSM) allowed us to obtain hourly comparison of OM (AMS) to OC (TC-BC) and determine the OM/OC ratio
Major influence of secondary organic aerosol to lensing effect black carbon absorption enhancement
No full textInternational audienceAtmospheric black carbon (BC) and light-absorbing organic aerosol (also referred as brown carbon, BrC) have strong effects on the Earth’s climate by absorbing direct solar radiation. A better understanding of specific underlying mechanisms is still needed to parametrize the influence of primary emissions and secondary processes on absorption properties. In particular, BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to internal mixing with other chemical species - so-called lensing effect - is poorly assessed, due to the lack of long-term in situ measurements of both the optical and chemical properties of BC-containing particles. Here, we report results of a three-year continuous field observations conducted from March 2014 to March 2017 at a suburban background station (SIRTA) in the Paris region (France). Submicron nonrefractory aerosol species were measured in near real-time using an aerodyne aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and were apportioned using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis to identify and quantified major organic aerosol (OA) sources. Light absorption properties of BC and BrC were determined by direct measurements using a 7-wavelength aethalometer equipped with the dual spot technology. Important BrC contribution to the total absorption in the near UV could be attributed to residential wood burning activities in winter and led to significant Eabs, independently of internal or external BrC mixing with BC particles. Co-located 24-hy filter-based analyses were also performed by thermo-optical technique to quantify the mass concentration of elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5. Absorption enhancement (Eabs) of BC-containing particles was obtained using mass absorption coefficient (MAC) ratios calculated between observed (= babs / [EC]) and expected values for uncoated BC. Results showed that the observed Eabs significantly increased with the mass ratio of secondary aerosols to EC, indicating a strong influence of this secondary components on BC absorption enhancement. These findings suggest that SOA could represent one of the most critical chemical species to be considered within climate models
In Silico Design of Sugar-based Surfactants
No full textInternational audienceSurfactants from the market are nowadays mostly produced from crude oil whose reserves may be depleted in this century. In this context, efforts have been engaged to replace such petroleum-based compounds by bio based alternatives within the framework of biorefineries, that aim the production of valuable materials from biomass. Among other products, such biomass contains sugars and fatty acid esters that can be used to produce sugar-based surfactants. These last represent good renewable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based surfactants in various applications like detergent and cosmetic formulation, enhanced oil or mineral recovery, etc. The structures of sugar-based surfactants can be very diverse and sometimes complex, consisting of polar heads with many alcohol moieties in particular configurations, pyranose cycles etc. To evidence the best candidates for target applications, large experimental screening should be performed. However, since such intensive experimental syntheses and characterizations are time and cost expensive, estimations of the relevant properties of possible candidates using predictive methods can be of particular interest to select the most promising ones for detailed experiment campaigns. In this perspective, a series of new predictive models of the amphiphilic properties of sugar-based surfactants have been developed to better anticipate their performances in terms of detergency, dispersive power, emulsifying power, etc. These models allowed the estimation of the amphiphilic properties of sugar-based surfactants (describing surface and self-assembly activities) from relevant molecular descriptors, using quantum chemistry and quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR). This contribution will demonstrate how these models can be used to design sugar-based surfactants with target properties in the perspective of substitution of petroleum-based surfactants. After the definition of target specifications in terms of critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC, adsorption efficiency (pC20) and Krafft point, a large virtual library of thousands of surfactant structures was built. QSPR models were then applied to screen this database of virtual surfactants to evidence those fitting at best with the defined specifications and to propose them for synthesis and experimental validation at University of Picardy Jules Verne in Amiens and at University of Technology of Compiègne. This In Silico design strategy revealed already powerful by proposing new possible candidates not already synthesized in open literature. Work in progress intends to improve it by looking at predictive approaches to estimate functional properties like foaming capabilities
Projet PhytEO : Phytostabilisation et production d’huiles essentielles sur sols contaminés par des ETM
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Utilisations des drones dans le domaine des risques industriels et capacité de l'Ineris pour accompagner la filière
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Assessing the implementation of best available techniques at the local scale in the absence of industrial sectoral reference : an issue for compliance demonstration
No full textInternational audienceThe Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) aims to achieve a high level of protection of the environment as a whole and of human health. In this purpose, the IED requires the implementation of techniques with performance equivalent to the Best Available Techniques (BATs) described in the reference documents (BREF). However, when drawing up or revising a BREF at European level, it is not possible to cover each industrial sector or subsector for all or some of the Key Environmental Issues. There are then different types of situations for which the BREF is incomplete or non-existent. Industrial plants involved in these activities without reference are not exempt from implementing BATs. However, the lack of reference technologies "officially" considered as BATs may lead the site operator to skip the installations concerned in his reflection on the establishment of BATs and / or the competent authority not to check BAT compliance. The results of surveys and the literature review showed that the degree of verification and the methods for evaluating the implementation of BATs at the local scale are heterogeneous. Moreover, the large discrepancies in the processing of regulatory files can potentially give rise to distortions of competition. In this context, a methodology was developed in order to enable the operator of an IED or non-IED installation concerned by the problem to demonstrate to the competent authorities, in the absence of an official reference, that a technique is BAT for the considered installation. Its elaboration was based on case studies, which allowed to propose practical tools capable of answering each of the necessary steps to the assessment of techniques with regard to BATs, and to test them directly in the field. Further applications in various sectors need to be made to confirm the genericity and the robustness of this methodology