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Long-term aerosol optical hygroscopicity study at the ACTRIS SIRTA observatory: synergy between ceilometer and in-situ measurements
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Potential impacts of new underground land use practices on groundwater quality in the context of the energy transition
No full textInternational audienceThe evolution of our societies towards an energy transition, where the use of hydrocarbons will be reduced to a minimum, implies the development of renewable energy sources and probably the geological storage of excess CO2. One of the features of these energy sources is their intermittent nature (wind, solar), for which it will be necessary to develop storage solutions. The properties of the underground environment make it a preferred storage location: low land use, increased security, high storage capacity (under pressure). In the near future, the underground may therefore be required to play a major role in the storage of hydrogen, compressed air (CAES), water (Underground Pumped Hydro-Energy Storage), heat or CO2. The works presented here deal with disturbances likely to be induced by these new modes of underground use both in the deep aquifers, which may be the place of storage, and in the subsurface aquifers in case of leakage of deeper storage in saline, crystalline or clay formations. The geological storage of CO2 should have the strongest impact because it will be done preferentially in deep aquifers in which the CO2 dissolution will induce a water acidification which could modify the water-rock interactions. Hydrogen can also be stored in deep aquifer or preferentially in saline cavity. In the event of a leak towards the surface, this gas could disturb the overlying aquifers hydrogeochemistry by reducing some oxidized mineral species (eg nitrates or sulphates). This is studied in the current ROSTOCK-H project, which concerns the risks associated with hydrogen storage in saline cavity, including the leaks impacts. Compressed air will also be stored in saline cavity and could, in the event of a leak, oxidize certain reduced mineral species (iron, manganese) present in deep anoxic aquifers. Finally, heat storage may also enhance the dissolution or precipitation of certain minerals and induce corrosion or clogging of storage facilities but also the most draining areas of aquifers, thus affecting their permeability. These new ways of using the subsoil, therefore, need to come with their development by studying in advance the potential risks, and by proposing suitable prevention and mitigation methods that must be directly integrated into the operating modes of these storage facilities
UNREAL Project : Unveiling nucleation mechanism in aircraft engine exhaust and its link with fuel composition
No full textInternational audienceAviation emissions are not limited to greenhouse gases like CO2 or water but include as well other gases like nitrogen oxides (NOx) or sulfur oxides (SOx) and volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (vPM and nvPM respectively). nvPM is defined as particles present in the engine exhaust at temperatures higher than 350°C and consists essentially in soot particles produced by the incomplete combustion of the fuel. vPM is formed by nucleation from gaseous precursors in the cooling exhaust gas downstream the combustor, when the concentration of preexisting particles has decreased, favoring homogeneous nucleation versus heterogeneous one (absorption of gases onto preexisting particles). Sulfuric acid formed in the engine exhaust seems to be linked to the formation of vPM. However, the amount of sulfur present in the fuel converted to sulfuric acid in the exhaust is too small to explain the amount of vPM observed. Chemi-ions and organic compounds emitted by the engine are one of the most suitable candidates to explain the formation of vPM in the engine exhaust, but the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon is still unknown..
Polyols and glucose particulate species as tracers of primary biogenic organic aerosols at 28 French sites
No full textInternational audienceChemical composition of particulate matter (PM) contains a large proportion of organic aerosols (OA), but its molecular speciation remains unresolved (Liang et al., 2017). OA associated with anthropogenic and secondary sources are extensively studied, while the contributions from primary biogenic aerosols (PBOA) remain poorly documented. Primary sugar compounds (SC, i.e. polyols and monosaccharides) are ubiquitous water-soluble class of OA, and have been widely proposed as reliable tracers to characterize and apportion PBOA sources (Bauer et al., 2008). However, quantitative data on SC annual, spatial and seasonal distributions are still limited. Furthermore, the characterization of sources and the quantification of PBOA mass associated with these SC’s remain elusive. Here, we provide a large overview of PBOA contribution to the total OM mass in France, as well their major components..
Runaway reaction hazard assessment for chemical processes safety
No full textInternational audienceINERIS, as part of its missions for accident prevention, has been developing its expertise for several years on chemical processes safety to help industries avoid accident caused by runaway reactions, using theoretical knowledge on thermal hazards and experimentation
Sensitivity of organic aerosol simulation schemes to climate variables in future climate projections
No full textInternational audienceOrganic aerosol, representing a large fraction of fine aerosols in the atmosphere, can have major impacts on air quality and human health. Simulation of this aerosol is difficult since there are many unknowns in the nature, mechanism and processes involved in the formation of these aerosols. The uncertainty in the simulation of this aerosol becomes more pronounced in climate change context, since the implementation of different schemes for the simulation of organic aerosol in atmospheric models can show varied sensitivities to changes in climate variables. Multiple schemes have been introduced in the literature for the simulation of organic aerosols in chemistrytransport models, in this work, three of those schemes have been used: a molecular scheme, a standard volatility basis set (VBS) scheme with anthropogenic aging and a modified VBS scheme containing functionalization, fragmentation and formation of non-volatile secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation for all semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC). First, simulations with each scheme have been evaluated with organic aerosol concentrations for about 30 European sites from the mainly form the EMEP network. Because of computational time limitations, 5 years of historic and 5 years of future simulations were performed using the RCP8.5 climatic scenario (representative concentration pathway), the choice of years and the climatic scenario being performed in a way to maximize the differences between future and historic simulations. The changes between future and historic simulations suggest that for the European area, the scheme including fragmentation and formation of non-volatile SOA shows the highest relative change, while the molecular scheme shows the least (a factor of two lower compared to the aforementioned scheme). Maximum changes are seen over the summer period for biogenic SOA (BSOA) because higher temperatures increase the emissions of major precursors of BSOA formation. The increasing BSOA trend is partially off-set by the temperature induced shift of SVOCs to gas phase. This effect is however scheme dependent, and it is found that it is the least pronounced for the VBS scheme with fragmentation and formation of non-volatile SOA, the latter being independent of gas-aerosol phase equilibrium. For the Mediterranean area, without local BVOC emissions at least over sea, the OA changes are less pronounced and, at least on an annual average, more similar between different schemes
Understanding and modeling the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries
No full textInternational audienceThe main safety issue pertaining to operating Li-ion batteries is relating to its sensitivity to thermal runaway. This project aims to go deeper into the understanding & modeling of this complex multiphysics phenomenon at cell scale, taking into account the influences of novel highly reactive technologies and ageing(calendar and due to use) with 2 target degradation mechanisms: SEI formation/growth and Lithium Plating.In this presentation, the methodology of investigating the thermal runaway through experimental study are presented. The obtained results will be used to calibrate & validate the 3D extended Thermal runaway model in the future works of the project
Comparaison d’outils et protocoles d’échantillonnage des eaux souterraines - influence de la purge
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Approche innovante d’un site expérimental : Carrière de Château Landon
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