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Phytoextraction in situ du Zn et du Cd par Arabidopsis halleri en co-culture avec Salix viminalis
No full textInternational audienceDans le cadre de la thèse PHYTOEXCO (2017-2020) financée par l’ADEME et la région Hauts-de-France, le potentiel de phytoextraction de l’arabette de Haller en co-culture avec le saule des vanniers est étudié sur un site urbain contaminé avec des teneurs moyennes en Cd et en Zn de 1,7 et 616 mg kg-1 respectivement. Le saule est un arbre accumulateur de Zn et de Cd à croissance rapide et à forte biomasse et l’arabette de Haller est une plante hyperaccumulatrice de Zn et de Cd. La co-culture d’espèce (hyper)accumulatrices a été très peu explorée en conditions de terrain. Afin d’augmenter le potentiel de phytoextraction en Zn et en Cd via la concentration foliaire et/ou la production de biomasse, un taillis à très courte rotation de saule en co-culture avec de l’arabette de Haller a été implanté depuis 2013. Un suivi des paramètres de croissance et d’accumulation foliaire en Zn et en Cd est effectué grâce à des mesures annuelles. Différentes pratiques agronomiques sont testées (apports d’inoculum mycorhizien et de fertilisant, fauche, co-culture). Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent que la biomasse des saules produite sur le site contaminé (58T/ha) est comparable à celle de sites non contaminés. Quant à la biomasse des arabettes (4,7T/ha), elle est significativement supérieure à celle mentionnée dans la littérature. Par ailleurs, le dosage de la biomasse et des activités enzymatiques microbiennes du sol, ne révèle pas d’effet négatif de la pollution sur le fonctionnement du sol
Fire and Explosion Safety in Hydrogen Containing Processes : State of the Art and Outstanding Questions
No full textInternational audienceThis paper is intended to be a brief survey of the state of the art about the safety aspects of industrial application using hydrogen. Although hydrogen has been used in the industry for a long time in chemistry, in metallurgy and more recently in the space industry and in electronics, new fields of application emerged at the turn of the century in the energy sector, broadening considerably both the technologies spectrum concerned but also the public exposed to the risks. Experts of the domain admit that the extent of the spreading of hydrogen technologies depends very much on the safety demonstration rendering the implementation acceptable to the public. Considerable effort was done along the two last decades both to develop risk assessment methods specific to hydrogen technologies and to understand better the key physical phenomena: material embrittlement, formation of explosive atmospheres, ignition, high pressure jet fires, unstable combustion, venting, etc. Major outcomes are recalled. But still much has to be done in research and technology development to achieve a massive development of “hydrogen energy applications”. For instance, the question of “spontaneous” ignition is not yet sufficiently resolved, flame front acceleration in congested environments (like in containers) is to be studied so as the efficiency of several mitigation techniques like venting and inerting
Comment sont gérés les sols pollués ?
No full textInternational audienceDepuis une vingtaine d’années, la politique nationale de gestion des sites et sols pollués fournit des outils nécessaires à la gestion des pollutions et à la protection des populations, tout en s’enrichissant du retour d’expérience des parties prenantes. En France, les préoccupations liées aux impacts environnementaux et sanitaires des industries en fonctionnement ont émergé en 1976 avec la législation sur les installations classées. Cette législation s’applique à toute exploitation industrielle ou agricole susceptible de générer des risques ou de provoquer des pollutions ou des nuisances. La reconversion d’anciens sites industriels dans le cadre de projet de réaménagement a contribué à faire émerger la politique nationale de gestion des sites pollués. Celle-ci a été mise en place il y a une vingtaine d’années par le ministère en charge de l’environnement, en s’appuyant sur la législation des installations classées et celle relative aux déchets. Cette politique englobe tous les sites pollués ainsi que ceux réputés comme potentiellement pollués en raison d’activités industrielles et/ou de services ou de pratiques susceptibles d’engendrer une pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines
Visualising Safety
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter argues that visualisations have played and continue to play a central role and discusses a complementary topic targeting the conceptual developments of safety research. In safety research, some works have explored the importance of visualising. One way to convince of the importance of visualisation is to propose a very brief tour of safety research. Enduring visualisations in safety research are therefore constructive, artistic, generic, normative, metaphorical, but they also exhibit those properties defined as inscription, boundary; they are performative objects. The same can be said about Rasmussen’s sociotechnical system view. One proposition is to move away visually from different kinds of hierarchical structures to stress certain aspects of our understanding of sociotechnical systems that rely on contemporary notions such as constructivism, network and complexity. Complex issues such as identifying and comparing high-risk systems, conceptualising sociotechnical systems and capturing safety dynamics have all been supported by drawings
Investigating combined toxicity of binary mixtures in bees : Meta-analysis of laboratory tests, modelling, mechanistic basis and implications for risk assessment
No full textEuropean Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Honeybee HealthInternational audienceBees are exposed to a wide range of multiple chemicals “chemical mixtures” from anthropogenic (e.g. plant protection products or veterinary products) or natural origin (e.g. mycotoxins, plant toxins). Quantifying the relative impact of multiple chemicals on bee health compared with other environmental stressors (e.g. varroa, viruses, and nutrition) has been identified as a priority to support the development of holistic risk assessment methods. Here, extensive literature searches and data collection of available laboratory studies on combined toxicity data for binary mixtures of pesticides and non-chemical stressors has been performed for honey bees (Apis mellifera), wild bees (Bombus spp.) and solitary bee species (Osmia spp.). From 957 screened publications, 14 publications provided 218 binary mixture toxicity data mostly for acute mortality (lethal dose: LD50) after contact exposure (61%), with fewer studies reporting chronic oral toxicity (20%) and acute oral LC50 values (19%). From the data collection, available dose response data for 92 binary mixtures were modelled using a Toxic Unit (TU) approach and the MIXTOX modelling tool to test assumptions of combined toxicity i.e. concentration addition (CA), and interactions (i.e. synergism, antagonism). The magnitude of interactions was quantified as the Model Deviation Ratio (MDR). The CA model applied to 17% of cases while synergism and antagonism were observed for 72% (MDR > 1.25) and 11% (MDR < 0.83) respectively. Most synergistic effects (55%) were observed as interactions between sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (SBI) fungicides and insecticide/acaricide. The mechanisms behind such synergistic effects of binary mixtures in bees are known to involve direct cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition, resulting in an increase in internal dose and toxicity of the binary mixture. Moreover, bees are known to have the lowest number of CYP copies and other detoxification enzymes in the insect kingdom. In the light of these findings, occurrence of these binary mixtures in relevant crops (frequency and concentrations) would need to be investigated. Addressing this exposure dimension remains critical to characterise the likelihood and plausibility of such interactions to occur under field realistic conditions. Finally, data gaps and further work for the development of risk assessment methods to assess multiple stressors in bees including chemicals and non-chemical stressors in bees are discussed
Monitoring estrogenic activities of waste and surface waters using a novel in vivo zebrafish embryonic (EASZY) assay : Comparison with in vitro cell-based assays and determination of effect-based trigger values
No full textInternational audienceThis study reports the use of the recently developed EASZY assay that uses transgenic cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess in vivo estrogenic activity of 33 surface (SW) and waste water (WW) samples collected across Europe that were previously well-characterized for estrogen hormones and in vitro estrogenic activity. We showed that 18 out of the 33 SW and WW samples induced estrogenic responses in the EASZY assay leading to a significant and concentration-dependent up-regulation of the ER-regulated cyp19a1b gene expression in the developing brain. The in vivo 17β-estradiol-equivalents (EEQs) were highly correlated with, both, the chemical analytical risk quotient (RQ) based on steroidal estrogen concentrations and EEQs reported from five different in vitro reporter gene assays. Regression analyses between the vitro and in vivo effect concentrations allowed us to determine an optimal cut-off value for each in vitro assay, above which in vivo responses were observed. These in vitro assay-specific effect-based trigger values (EBTs), ranging from 0.28 to 0.58 ng EEQ/L define the sensitivity and specificity of the individual in vitro assays for predicting a risk associated with substances acting through the same mode of action in water samples. Altogether, this study demonstrates the toxicological relevance of in vitro-based assessment of estrogenic activity and recommends the use of such in vitro/in vivo comparative approach to refine and validate EBTs for mechanism-based bioassays
Estimating the cumulative human exposures to pyrethroids by combined multi-route PBPK models : Application to the French population
No full textInternational audienceHuman biomarkers of exposure to pyrethroid insecticides are usually urinary concentrations of metabolites that can be specific to a pyrethroid or common to several compounds. We developed a global toxicokinetic model that links the external exposure to four widely-used pyrethroids and their isomers (deltamethrin and cis and trans isomers of permethrin, cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin) to the urinary concentrations of metabolites (cis- and trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, F-PBA and DBCA). This global model includes physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for each parent compound and one-compartment models for the metabolites. Existing in vivo, in vitro and in silico data were used for model calibration, and human toxicokinetic data for model evaluation. Overall, the global model reproduced the data accurately as about 90% of predictions were inside the 3-fold error interval. A sensitivity analysis showed that the most influent parameter for each urinary metabolite concentration was the fraction of parent compound that is transformed into that metabolite. The global model was then tested with realistic exposures for the French population: the predictions were consistent with biomonitoring data. The global model is a tool that will improve the interpretation of biomonitoring data for pyrethroids
An Overview of Priority Pollutants in Selected Coal Mine Discharges in Europe
No full textInternational audienceCoal mine discharges in several European countries were investigated as part of the European Commission’s MANAGER project. The emphasis of the project was identification of priority pollutants and potential remedial approaches. The main identified priority pollutants were sulphate (all countries) and iron (all countries except Greece). High concentrations of chloride (particularly in Germany and Poland) were associated with discharge of saline mine waters linked to the presence of fossil sea water; these mine waters also had high boron concentrations, in contrast to chloride-rich waters in UK that are linked to recent sea water inflow. Concentrations of trace metals vary among countries, but radium is an important contaminant in barium-rich waters with low sulphate concentrations, essentially in Poland. Concentrations of trace metals and metalloids were generally low because of their relative scarcity in coal strata and adsorption onto ferric oxides and hydroxides, but they still often exceeded the environmental quality thresholds
Generic physiologically-based toxicokinetic modelling for fish : Integration of environmental factors and species variability
No full textInternational audienceOne of the goals of environmental risk assessment is to protect the whole ecosystem from adverse effects resulting from exposure to chemicals. Many research efforts have aimed to improve the quantification of dose-response relationships through the integration of toxicokinetics. For this purpose, physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models have been developed to estimate internal doses from external doses in a time-dependent manner. In this study, a generic PBTK model was developed and adapted for rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), zebrafish (Danio rerio), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). New mechanistic approaches were proposed for including the effects of growth and temperature in the model. Physiological parameters and their inter-individual variability were estimated based on the results of extensive literature searches or specific experimental data. The PBTK model was implemented for nine environmental contaminants (with log k(ow) from - 0.9 to 6.8) to predict whole-body concentrations and concentrations in various fish's organs. Sensitivity analyses were performed for a lipophilic and a hydrophilic compound to identify which parameters have most impact on the model's outputs. Model predictions were compared with experimental data according to dataset-specific exposure scenarios and were accurate: 50% of predictions were within a 3-fold factor for six out of nine chemicals and 75% of predictions were within a 3-fold factor for three of the most lipophilic compounds studied. Our model can be used to assess the influence of physiological and environmental factors on the toxicokinetics of chemicals and provide guidance for assessing the effect of those critical factors in environmental risk assessment
Les dommages économiques cumulés de la pollution de l’air intérieur et extérieur: Évaluation économique des effets sanitaires cumulés de la pollution de l’air intérieur et extérieur (projet Cumulair)
No full textNational audiencePouvoir évaluer les effets sanitaires de la pollution de l’air en termes économiques permet de comparer, en une unité commune, les bénéfices des politiques publiques par rapport aux coûts qu’elles induisent afin de sélectionner les actions les plus bénéfiques pour la société. Sur la base d’une bibliographie approfondie, le projet CUMULAIR a pour objectif principal de faire progresser les méthodes et pratiques de l’évaluation combinée des effets sanitaires de la pollution de l’air intérieur et extérieur