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Hydro-mechanical modeling of granular soils considering internal erosion
No full textInternational audienc
A public-private platform for the pre-validation of endocrine disruptors characterization methods
No full textInternational audienceIn France, a « National Strategy on Endocrine Disruptors » has been designed. A Public Private Partnership for a pre-validation platform is under study. The impetus for such an initiative is the lack of well recognized test and non-test methods for the assessment of endocrine disrupting properties. Irrespective of what might be the regulatory definition of an “endocrine disruptor”, tools must be made available. Such tools are also needed for achieving consensus in non-regulatory discussions and in screening. Although such methods exist in some specific domains (estrogenic and androgenic activity, thyroid activity…), there is both a lack of methods and a lack in the recognition. The public private partnership project aims to fill the gap between the development and the availability of internationally validated – or at least well recognized - methods. Basically, the purpose of the platform is to fund the operational aspect of the validation process. Indeed, the operational phase of the validation process (e.g. relevance, repeatability, reproducibility) is not attractive for academic teams. It is not rewarding for private CRO, and it does not provide a monetary pay-back to test developers. Moreover there is no proper funding at European or international levels. As a result, the international process is slow, and supports are required to enhance it. In addition to the experimental aspect, two expertise processes are integrated into the platform: (1) Evaluation of the relevance of the proposed methods compared to those already available on the market in order to select those that deserve to be tested (upstream); (2) Decision on the success of the process for a method to qualify it or not (downstream). It is therefore important for all stakeholders to have good knowledges and interactions with this platform. It is also significant to notice that the platform interacts with a network of international scientists who will check the legitimacy of the work carried out. To achieve these objectives, the platform proposes a new type of governance expected to enhance the dialogue between stakeholders (public and private bodies, NGOs, researchers…). If the French ambition to develop a strategy on endocrine disruptors relies on the availability of a platform devoted to this task, of course this initiative must be consistent with the international approaches (OECD, ISO, ECVAM in the case on alternative methods). It must not be an isolated initiative. With the support of international and national public institutions and the industry, a project was presented for co-funding at the call “Investment for the Future” operated by the national bank for innovation in June 2018. The process is still going on. INERIS has coordinated the proposal in the name of a comity constituted with the support of the Ministry of Ecology and including industrials (France Chimie, FEBEA, Bayer-France and Basf-France, etc.) and CROs. If successful, the structure would be an independent stateapproved association. Whatever the result for the project itself, ISTA is the good place to discuss about the idea of setting up such a platform
Nanoparticle Collection by a Lab-Scale Spray Scrubber Designed for Fume Treatment under Incineration Conditions
No full textInternational audienceIn flue-gas treatment line of hazardous waste incineration, the scrubbers are a technology dedicated to the absorption of acid gas. This technology also permits to collect a part of the particles contained in the flue-gas mainly by Brownian diffusion, impaction, interception, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis or turbophoresis mechanisms. There are few experimental studies in the literature dealing with the performances of wet scrubbers regarding particle removal. Only one experimental study (Vasudevan et al., 1985) is dealing with particle collection at operating conditions close to those encountered in waste incineration regarding in particular gas temperature (200°C). No experimental study is identified regarding nanoparticle collection. The present study aimed to quantify the collection performances of a spray scrubber regarding nanoparticles, for representative incineration operating conditions and for similitude between the lab-scale and full size scrubbers encountered in flue-gas treatment line of waste incineration plants..
Stakeholder views on the future role of standardization, testing and certification
No full textInternational audienc
Globalisation et prévention des risques industriels majeurs : Eclairage à partir de situations empiriques
No full textInternational audienceCette communication s’inscrit dans un travail de recherche portant sur l’articulation entre sécurité industrielle et globalisation (Le Coze, 2016, 2017, 2018). Elle a pour but de fournir des éléments de cadrage pour penser cette articulation,à la fois à partir d’apports théoriques et d’illustrations empiriques tirés de nos terrains d’enquêtes dans la chimie. Pourquoi s’intéresser aux liens entre globalisation et sécurité industrielle ? Tout d’abord, les modèles classiques de sécurité industrielle hérités de la constitution de ce champ dans les dernières décennies du 20ème siècle font peu de cas de la thématique de la globalisation (Le Coze, 2016). Qu’ils soient plus académiques (Turner, 1978, Perrow, 1984, Vaughan, 1996) ou plus orientés vers la pratique (Reason, 1997, Weick et al, 1999, Hopkins, 1999), ceux-ci ne font pas écho aux macro transformations des trente dernières années telles que décrite dans les travaux et débats sur la globalisation qui sont publiés au tournant du 21ème siècle (e.g. Habermas, 1998, Giddens, 2000, Castells, 2001). Cette situation n’est pas surprenante car ces modèles sont les produits des recherches des années 1980 et 1990, une période où la globalisation n’est pas encore au coeur de la production scientifique des sciences sociales (Le Coze, 2017). Devons-nous réviser ces cadres et modèles ? Les cadres hérités des années 1980 et 1990 sont-ils toujours pertinents ? La réponse peut sembler évidente au vu des nombreuses transformations des dernières décennies et il apparait qu’un effort dans cette direction est en effet incontournable. Une investigation dans ce sens doit reposer sur combinaison de points de vue empirique et théorique. Etant donné la très grande complexité du sujet, il n’existe pas une mais plusieurs options pour penser et avancer dans l’articulation entre globalisation et sécurité industrielle
Environmental monitoring at a sediment source site to qualify for reuse
No full textInternational audienceThe Interreg FWVL VALSE project aims to promote sustainable dredged sediment reuse. Reuse options and supporting research were investigated during an earlier project. In order to provide waterways operators and related industries, with case studies, full scale pilot tests are planned at Belgian and French sites. A former sediment disposal site of the French Waterways (VNF) at Saint Omer, Northern France, is considered as a potential source of mature sediment (14 to 40 years old) for reuse applications (landscaping, cycle paths, dikes). Sediments are now comparable to soil in terms of water content and mechanical behaviour. Sediment environmental characteristics are assessed with laboratory methods, and its variability with on-site methods..
Ouvrir les institutions d’expertise à la société : à qui, par qui et comment ?
No full textInternational audienceDepuis une dizaine d’année en France, des organismes d’expertise et de recherche revendiquent mettre en place des politiques d’ouverture à la société (ORES). Variables selon les organismes, les objectifs affichés ainsi que la bannière sont partagés. Les ORES doivent promouvoir leurs « relations avec la société » (Charte d’ouverture à la société 2016). Les ORES sont analysées comme instruments d’intermédiation entre les communautés académiques et les communautés associatives environnementalistes, entre l’activité académique et le débat public environnemental. La communication développe également un travail d’identification et d’analyse des groupes d’entrepreneurs faisant les ORES, y-compris quotidiennement. -Le premier groupe a la mission professionnelle de l’organisation des ORES au sein des organismes d’expertise et de recherche : leur poste est intitulé de chargés d’ouverture à la société. Depuis 2003, une vingtaine de chargés d’ouverture à la société ont ainsi été identifiés. -Le second groupe, plus large, est celui des représentants accrédités à participer aux dispositifs d’ouverture. Représentants d’associations environnementalistes et de syndicats, nous dégageons un groupe d’environ 70 personnes dont les mandats ont commencé entre 2008 et 2018. Nous proposons d’analyser la trajectoire des membres des deux groupes, leurs positions institutionnelles et les dossiers sur lesquels ils ont été particulièrement actifs dans les espaces de l’ORES. Ce travail permet d’analyser ce qu’est le métier de chargé d’ouverture, mais aussi de comprendre comment se traduit l’objectif général de l’ouverture au regard des représentants accrédités, de leurs caractéristiques et de leurs organisations
Development and evaluation of a pregnancy Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (pPBTK) model for high-throughput application
No full textInternational audienceIn utero exposures to chemicals have been associated with adverse effects that can be observed over the whole lifetime. These exposures are commonly assessed with cord sampling at delivery or maternal sampling over the pregnancy. Pregnancy physiologically-based toxicokinetic (pPBTK) models are adequate tools for estimating the internal exposure of the fetus throughout pregnancy. We reviewed the placental transfers of chemicals described in published pPBTK models and compared the impact of the model structure on the fetal dosimetry. We also proposed a placental transfer structure accounting for both histiotrophic (trophoblastic plugs block the spiral arteries in the 1st trimester) and hemotrophic (spiral arteries inflow the intervillous space with maternal blood in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters) nutrition phases. It comprises two diffusional constants separating maternal placenta, intervillous space and fetal placenta. Under a single dose exposure, four patterns of fetal dosimetry were observed and related to assumptions about the number of diffusion constants between maternal and fetal blood. The placental transfer model was integrated in a pPBTK model that is an extension of the generic PBTK model included in the httk R package. Two types of parameterization were tested for the placental diffusional constant between intervillous space and fetal placental compartment, either with a semi-empirical equation or with a passive diffusion clearance scaling method based on in vitro apparent permeabilities. The model predictions were evaluated with published data. It shows a good predictive capacity as predictions of maternal and cord serum concentrations felt into the 10-fold range of observed concentrations. The type of placental diffusion constant parameterization does not influence the classification of fetal to maternal exposure ratios. Our pPBTK model coupled with in silico tools or in vitro data for parametrization can be used to assess the in utero exposures for a wide range of chemicals throughout pregnancy