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Suivi des produits phytosanitaires dans les eaux continentales du bassin Adour-Garonne
No full textInternational audienc
Caractérisation du système de dissolution du gypse lutétien à Sevran
No full textInternational audienc
Sensors and air quality : an assessment of what can we expect today from lowcost sensors ?
No full textInternational audienceIn recent years, low-costs sensors have become one of the most widely reported topics in the field of air quality measurement. In fact, in comparison to other indicative methods such as diffusive samplers, sensors are able to supply near to real time air pollution measurements by electronic means. This would enable an air quality assessment based on a higher spatial resolution monitoring [1] even though using measurement methods with lower data quality (the so-called indicative measurements in the European Air Quality Directive [2]). It would also, for example, make it possible to assess the effect of short term action plans (AQD, art. 24) and simplify reporting of air quality to the Internet (AQD, art. 26 and article 23 of the INSPIRE Directive [3]). Commercial low-cost sensors represent a big opportunity for developing networks of measurements able to monitor large areas with higher spatial resolution at a lower cost than the reference measurements method [4]. However, even if the need for mobile applications and better spatial coverage can only be satisfied by reducing size and costs of monitoring devices, only few performance evaluation studies exist to demonstrate that the DQO of the AQD can be reached. At the European level, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) TC264 WG42 started the discussion about the “Performance evaluation of air quality sensors”. This talk will give an overview of the existing technology used in air quality monitoring. Bibliographic results will be used to draw a picture of what technologies can be used for which pollutant as well as some of the existing sensor-based project. Finally, a review of the current discussion on performance evaluation at the European level but also at the national scale, with the work carried out within the Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air (LCSQA)
Caractérisation de l’exposition environnementale spatialisée aux pyréthrinoïdes en Picardie
No full textInternational audienceL’utilisation de produits phytosanitaires en agriculture, en usage domestique et par divers autres acteurs contribue à la contamination de l’ensemble des milieux environnementaux. Les expositions aux pesticides se caractérisent par une multiplicité des voies (alimentation, eau, sol, air). Pour une caractérisation fine des expositions environnementales, un premier verrou réside dans la capacité à rassembler au sein d’un même système d’analyse un ensemble de données combinant le mode de vie des populations et la contamination locale des milieux environnementaux sur des résolutions spatiales appropriées et des territoires étendus. Dans le cadre de cette étude pilote, l’objectif du projet CartoExpo était de tester la faisabilité d’une méthodologie intégrée pour la cartographie d’indicateurs d’exposition sur des résolutions spatiales et temporelles fines. Pour illustrer la démarche, la contamination de la population générale est étudiée pour deux pesticides cumulés (la cyperméthrine et la deltaméthrine)..
Investigating the Impact of Manufacturing Processes on the Ecotoxicity of Carbon Nanofibers : A Multi–Aquatic Species Comparison
No full textInternational audienceManufactured nanomaterial production is outpacing the ability to investigate environmental hazard using current regulatory paradigms, causing a backlog of materials requiring testing. To ameliorate this issue, regulatory bodies have proposed integrating safety into the production of novel nanomaterials, allowing for hazards to be identified early in development rather than aftermarket release. In addition, there is a growing interest in short‐term ecotoxicity testing to rapidly identify environmental hazards. In this sense, the present study investigated 3 carbon nanofibers (CNFs), created with different production methods, using short‐term in vitro and in vivo exposures on fish cell lines, mussel hemocytes, crustacea, and algae. The present study investigated if differences in ecotoxicity hazard between the CNFs could be identified and, if so, which product could be considered less hazardous. A major challenge in assessing the potential hazards posed by manufactured nanomaterials is standardizing the preparation for testing. Standardized operating protocols have been proposed using protein to facilitate the preparation of stable stock suspension, which is not environmentally representative. As such, the study also assessed the potential impacts these standardized protocols (with or without the use of protein) could have on the interpretation of environmental hazard. The results demonstrated that there were clear differences between the 3 CNFs and that the dispersion protocol influenced the interpretation of hazard, demonstrating a need for caution when interpreting ecotoxicity in a regulatory context
Safety tests for Li-secondary batteries : Modeling Safety Tests/Events
No full textInternational audienc
Estimating the adsorption efficiency of sugar-based surfactants from QSPR models
No full textInternational audienceAdsorption efficiency, measured as the surfactant concentration at which the surface tension of the aqueous solution decreases by 20 mN/m, characterizes their affinity for surfaces and interfaces, which is crucial for a cost-effective use of surfactants. In this article, the first Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship models to predict this efficiency were proposed based on a dataset of 82 diverse sugar-based surfactants and using different types of molecular descriptors. Finally, an easy-to-use model was evidenced with good predictivity assessed on an external validation set. Moreover, it is based on a series of fragment descriptors accounting for the different structural trends affecting the efficiency of sugar-based surfactants. Due to its predictive capabilities and to the structure-property trends it involves, this model opens perspectives to help the design of new sugar-based surfactants, notably to substitute petroleum-based ones
Hazard classification of waste: review of available practical methods and tools
No full textInternational audienceThe different steps for classification of waste as hazardous are collection of information, use of the European list of waste, sampling, analysis, tests, hypothesis of speciation of elements into mineral substances, collecting hazard statement codes of substances, and comparing weighted sum or maxima of concentrations or tests results with given concentration limits for each hazard property, or eventual use of now available internet sites. Practical methods are proposed: tables for generic classification of elements, for “worst case with information” speciation hypothesis, tests for hazardous property HP 1, HP 2, HP 3, HP 12, HP 14, methods for HP 9 and HP 15
Further insight into the gas flame acceleration mechanisms in pipes. Part II : Numerical work
No full textInternational audienceThis paper is the second part of a global study investigating the physics of premixed flame propagation in several kinds of long pipes. It focuses on the potential of CFD for modelling such cases. Four tests among the database detailed in the first part are selected. In each case, the pipe is straight, open at one end and closed at the other where ignition is triggered. The pipe is filled with a stoichiometric methane/air mixture at rest. The parameters which are varied are the inner pipe diameter and the pipe material. CFD computations based on a URANS framework are carried out and enable to recover several physical trends, such as the role of acoustics and boundary layer turbulence on the flame dynamics. Although most orders of magnitude of the measured overpressure peaks can be predicted numerically, the computed flames are quicker than the measured ones. It could be explained by the chosen turbulent model, the k-ω SST model, known to be adapted for wall-bounded flows but to produce too much turbulence for accelerating flows. The criterion for the cells size near wall (y+<200) might also be too loose
Advancing human health risk assessment
No full textInternational audienceThe current/traditional human health risk assessment paradigm is challenged by recent scientific and technical advances, and ethical demands. The current approach is considered too resource intensive, is not always reliable, can raise issues of reproducibility, is mostly animal based and does not necessarily provide an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of toxicity. From an ethical and scientific viewpoint, a paradigm shift is required to deliver testing strategies that enable reliable, animal-free hazard and risk assessments, which are based on a mechanistic understanding of chemical toxicity and make use of exposure science and epidemiological data. This shift will require a new philosophy, new data, multidisciplinary expertise and more flexible regulations. Re-engineering of available data is also deemed necessary as data should be accessible, readable, interpretable and usable. Dedicated training to build the capacity in terms of expertise is necessary, together with practical resources allocated to education. The dialogue between risk assessors, risk managers, academia and stakeholders should be promoted further to understand scientific and societal needs. Genuine interest in taking risk assessment forward should drive the change and should be supported by flexible funding. This publication builds upon presentations made and discussions held during the break-out session 'Advancing risk assessment science - Human health' at EFSA's third Scientific Conference 'Science, Food and Society' (Parma, Italy, 18-21 September 2018)