HAL-INERIS
Not a member yet
8807 research outputs found
Sort by
A Black Carbon‐Tracer Method for Estimating Cooking Organic Aerosol From Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Measurements
No full textInternational audienceCooking organic aerosol (COA) constitutes a considerable fraction of organic aerosol (OA) in urban environments, yet it is often challenging to resolve COA in summer through positive matrix factorization of unit mass resolution spectra of OA from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. Here we developed a black carbon‐tracer method for estimating COA in summer. The estimated COA agreed reasonably well with those from other methods. This method can also be applied to other seasons and megacities without substantial emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion. Globally, much higher COA concentrations in China and India than those in North America and Europe were observed, while the COA contributions were comparable (15.5–20%), highlighting the importance of COA in urban areas. Considering the rapidly increased aerosol mass spectrometer measurements worldwide, this method has significant implications for a better source apportionment of OA and also benefits the health studies associated with cooking exposure
Quantitative AOP based teratogenicity prediction for mixtures of azole fungicides
No full textInternational audienceExposure of embryos to mixtures of environmental chemicals can result in congenital malformations. Mixture experiments can provide an indication of the joint effects of substances, but it is practically infeasible to test all possible combinations. The development of mechanistic approaches and integrated models able to predict the effects of mixtures from the concentrations of their individual components, are crucial to assess mixtures associated risks. Azole fungicides can induce craniofacial defects, both after in utero and in vitro exposure. Results obtained in vitro have shown a significant enhancement of teratogenic effects after co-exposure to azoles in comparison to the single exposures. In this project, we evaluated the hypothesis that those molecules concur to imbalance the retinoic acid pathway in specific responsive embryonic tissues. We developed a quantitative adverse outcome pathway for craniofacial malformations, able to simulate the formation of the physiological retinoic acid gradient in the rat embryo hindbrain and its perturbation after exposure to cyproconazole, flusilazole, triadimefon and to their binary mixtures. The underlying system biology model was calibrated using in vitro data and is reasonably predictive of mixtures’ effects for those azoles, thereby confirming the plausibility of the hypothesized pathogenic pathway. This quantitative AOP could have mechanistic or predictive applications in pesticides risk assessment
Mobilisation et transfert des Composés Aromatiques Polycycliques (CAP) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : Expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ
No full textInternational audienceLe projet Memotraces avait pour objectif d’identifier les mécanismes contrôlant l’émission des CAP-O dans les sols associés aux 16 HAP US EPA, et leurs voies de transfert. Le projet combinant des approches laboratoire et in situ, confirment un relargage préférentiel des CAP-O par rapport aux HAP. L’émission des CAP-O et des HAP de faibles poids moléculaires dans la zone saturée des sols est essentiellement pilotée par des processus de dissolution des goudrons (loi de Raoult). Néanmoins, un paramètre fondamental doit être pris en compte pour les pollutions historiques ayant subi les effets du « aging » : la disponibilité. Ainsi, quelles que soient les conditions d’émission (statique-batch ou dynamique-colonne), la teneur en CAP dans les eaux est fortement dépendante du vieillissement de la pollution. De plus, pour une forte disponibilité des CAP, les autres paramètres testés (force ionique, température) ont une influence limitée sur leurs émissions alors que pour une faible disponibilité, ils peuvent avoir une influence notable. Enfin, en condition in situ, nos travaux révèlent l’importance du compartiment biologique dans le devenir des CAP. Il semblerait que le système puisse s’autoréguler et s’épurer, limitant la propagation des CAP vers les horizons non contaminés
Projet CaRPE : caractérisation et réduction des émissions des procédés poudres métalliques - hautes énergies
No full textInternational audienceHigh temperature processes related to metal powders (e.g. atomization, thermal spraying) lead to the production and release of metal particles, which are partly nano-sized. There is a lack of knowledge with respect to the properties of these emissions and with respect to their management (collection, confinement or treatments). The CaRPE project aims at bridging the current knowledge gaps in this area. A network of various stakeholders, both form the private as well as the public sector, will join their efforts to address current challenges in the field of process engineering, process use, emission risk analysis, metrology and clean process design and support a sustainable development of these technologies.Les procédés métallurgiques à haute température (ou « la mise à haute température de métaux par des procédés ») tels que l'atomisation, la projection thermique ou la fabrication additive, entraînent la production d'effluents métalliques particulaires, composés pour partie de nanoparticules. Il existe un besoin en matière de connaissances, tant au niveau des propriétés de ces émissions, qu'en matière de gestion, c'est-à-dire de captage ou confinement, et de traitement. Le projet CaRPE se propose de contribuer à ce développement de connaissances, en rassemblant des acteurs de différentes spécialités (chercheurs en génie des procédés, utilisateurs de procédés, spécialistes de l'analyse de procédés en matière de risque d'émission, et enfin spécialistes en gestion des effluents) afin de répondre aux défis posés et promouvoir un développement toujours plus sûr de ces procédés
Future water quality monitoring : improving the balance between exposure and toxicity assessments of real-world pollutant mixtures
No full textInternational audienceEnvironmental water quality monitoring aims to provide the data required for safeguarding the environment against adverse biological effects from multiple chemical contamination arising from anthropogenic diffuse emissions and point sources. Here, we integrate the experience of the international EU-funded project SOLUTIONS to shift the focus of water monitoring from a few legacy chemicals to complex chemical mixtures, and to identify relevant drivers of toxic effects. Monitoring serves a range of purposes, from control of chemical and ecological status compliance to safeguarding specific water uses, such as drinking water abstraction. Various water sampling techniques, chemical target, suspect and non-target analyses as well as an array of in vitro, in vivo and in situ bioanalytical methods were advanced to improve monitoring of water contamination. Major improvements for broader applicability include tailored sampling techniques, screening and identification techniques for a broader and more diverse set of chemicals, higher detection sensitivity, standardized protocols for chemical, toxicological, and ecological assessments combined with systematic evidence evaluation techniques. No single method or combination of methods is able to meet all divergent monitoring purposes. Current monitoring approaches tend to emphasize either targeted exposure or effect detection. Here, we argue that, irrespective of the specific purpose, assessment of monitoring results would benefit substantially from obtaining and linking information on the occurrence of both chemicals and potentially adverse biological effects. In this paper, we specify the information required to: (1) identify relevant contaminants, (2) assess the impact of contamination in aquatic ecosystems, or (3) quantify cause–effect relationships between contaminants and adverse effects. Specific strategies to link chemical and bioanalytical information are outlined for each of these distinct goals. These strategies have been developed and explored using case studies in the Danube and Rhine river basins as well as for rivers of the Iberian Peninsula. Current water quality assessment suffers from biases resulting from differences in approaches and associated uncertainty analyses. While exposure approaches tend to ignore data gaps (i.e., missing contaminants), effect-based approaches penalize data gaps with increased uncertainty factors. This integrated work suggests systematic ways to deal with mixture exposures and combined effects in a more balanced way, and thus provides guidance for future tailored environmental monitoring
Assessment and risk management of mixtures of Chemicals: Challenges and Prospects
No full textInternational audienceThis long article* co-written by seven members of the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) address problems of regulatory risk assessment and risk management of chemical mixtures under realistic co-exposure scenarios
Analyses numériques de la problématique multi-physique des fontis au voisinage d’une digue ou d’un ouvrage linéaire
No full textGeo-structures such as dams and levees or dikes are subjected to seepage varying in time and space. The water flowing through these porous media can lead to the detachment and transport of part of the soil particles within the structures or their foundations. This problem is usually called internal erosion. The term suffusion, one type of internal erosion, refers to the detachment and transport of finer particles through a coarser porous soil matrix due to seepage flow. Suffusion can modify with time the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the soils and may trigger significant damage on such structures and lead eventually to their collapse. This research attempts to contribute to the design and sustainability of geotechnical and hydraulic engineering structures, with a particular focus on embankment dams, levees, and dikes. It aims to develop a numerical model of suffusion by introducing, on the one hand, the coupling of the hydraulic and mechanical phenomena and, on the other hand, the coupling of erosion and filtration.Les géo-structures telles que les barrages et les digues sont soumises à des écoulements hydrauliques variant dans le temps et dans l'espace. L'eau qui traverse ces milieux poreux peut entraîner le détachement et le transport de certaines particules des sols constituant les structures et leurs fondations. Ce problème est généralement appelé "érosion interne". Le terme suffusion, un type d'érosion interne, se réfère au détachement et au transport de particules les plus fines à traversune matrice de sol poreuse plus grossière en raison d'un écoulement hydraulique. L'évolution temporelle de la suffusion peut modifier les propriétés hydrauliques et mécaniques des sols et peut entraîner des changements importants dans le comportement de telles structures pouvant aller jusqu’à leur effondrement. Ce travail de thèse tente de contribuer à la conception et à la durabilité des ouvrages en ingénierie géotechnique et hydraulique en mettant un accent particulier sur les barrages, les levées et les digues. Il a été consacré à développer un modèle numérique de suffusion en introduisant d’une part le couplage des phénomènes hydrauliques et mécaniques et d’autre part le couplage des phénomènes d'érosion et de filtration
