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A statistical physics approach to perform fast highly-resolved air quality simulations. A new step towards the meta-modelling of chemistry transport models
No full textInternational audienceA methodology rested on model-based machine learning using simple linear regressions and the parameterizations of the main physics and chemistry processes has been developed to perform highly-resolved air quality simulations. The training of the methodology is (i) completed over a 6-month period using the outputs of the chemical transport model CHIMERE, and (ii) then applied over the subsequent 6 months. Despite rough assumptions, this new methodology performs as well as the raw CHIMERE simulation for daily mean concentrations of the main criteria air pollutants (NO2, Ozone, PM10 and PM2.5) with correlations ranging from 0.75 to 0.83 for the particulate matter and up to 0.86 for the maximum ozone concentrations. Some improvements are investigated to expand this methodology to several other uses, but at this stage the method can be used for air quality forecasting, analysis of pollution episodes and mapping. This study also confirms that including a minimum set of selected physical parameterizations brings a high added value on machine learning processes
Statistical analysis for the quality assessment of digestates from separately collected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and agro-industrial feedstock. Should input feedstock to anaerobic digestion determine the legal status of digestate ?
No full textInternational audienceManagement options for digestate produced by anaerobic digestion plants influence the environmental and economic sustainability of the biogas sector. Further, digestate can be both used or disposed of according to its legal classification: that is, waste or by-product, or product (by using End of Waste procedure). Currently, legal digestate status is decided by EU member states on a case-by-case basis, according to specific positive lists of input feedstocks and quality requirements in terms of physical properties and chemical concentrations. Biased exclusion of input feedstock can force digestate to a specific waste classification and undergo post-treatment and disposal options that can negatively affect the profitability of biogas installations. This is the case of the Italian regulation, where the positive list of input feedstock excludes a priori separately collected organic fractions of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), while including agro-industrial residues (AGRO). This study determined the differences between the two digestate typologies (OFMSW versus AGRO) through statistical analysis, implemented on a dataset, designed to gather data about digestate’s physical-chemical parameters from relevant scientific literature and unpublished private databases. The datasets consisted of 190 entries, derived from more than 2,000 samples. Further, the study provided a compliance assessment between the resulting parameter means and the current regulation limits. Upper confidence limits for the means (level of significance α = 0.05) calculated for both digestate typologies were found to be compliant with the legal requirements. Therefore, no statistical ratio seems to support the difference in the legislative approach as proposed by Italian law-makers. OFMSW resulted significantly different from AGRO for VS (650.1 g/kg TS vs. 843.8 g/kg TS, respectively), N-NH4 (81.9 g/kg TS vs. 46.19 g/kg TS), N-TOT (109.7 g/kg TS vs. 65.32 g/kg TS), P-TOT (7.22 g/kg TS vs. 21.9 g/kg TS), Pb (18.6 mg/kg TS vs. 4.66 mg/kg TS), Ni (11.03 mg/kg TS vs. 8.20 mg/kg TS), Cr-TOT (12.74 mg/kg TS vs. 8.74 mg/kg TS) and Hg (0.08 mg/kg TS vs. 0.05 mg/kg TS). However, the statistical analysis must be implemented on a wider set of parameters not covered by this study (e.g. ecotoxicological features)
The activities of occupational health and safety specialists in a high-risk industry
No full textInternational audienc
Steam explosion pretreatment of willow grown on phytomanaged soils for bioethanol production
No full textInternational audienceA steam explosion (SE) process was evaluated as a pretreatment method to achieve simultaneously the pretreatment and the decontamination of trace elements (TE) from woody biomass for bioethanol applications. The willow biomass used in this study was obtained from short rotation coppice phyto-managed plots harvested on a TE-contaminated soils (Zn, Mn). The influence of the SE reaction severity on the composition of the cellulosic pulp and on the TE extraction in the water effluent was investigated. SE performed at 220 °C after a 2% sulfuric acid presoaking allowed an extraction of ̴ 80% of Mn and Zn in the water effluent. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pulps was examined. A cellulose-to-glucose conversion of ˜80% was obtained after 75 h of incubation of the pulp obtained after a SE treatment performed at 180 °C. The subsequent fermentation into ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was successfully performed. No significant influence of TEs on the action of the biocatalysts (enzymes and yeast) was observe
Sources and Geographical Origins of PM10 in Metz (France) Using Oxalate as a Marker of Secondary Organic Aerosols by Positive Matrix Factorization Analysis
No full textInternational audienceAn original source apportionment study was conducted on atmospheric particles (PM 10) collected in Metz, one of the largest cities of Eastern France. A Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to a sampling filter-based chemical dataset obtained for the April 2015 to January 2017 period. Nine factors were clearly identified, showing mainly contributions from anthropogenic sources of primary PM (19.2% and 16.1% for traffic and biomass burning, respectively) as well as secondary aerosols (12.3%, 14.5%, 21.8% for sulfate-, nitrate-, and oxalate-rich factors, respectively). Wood-burning aerosols exhibited strong temporal variations and contributed up to 30% of the PM mass fraction during winter, while primary traffic concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the year. These two sources are also the main contributors during observed PM 10 pollution episodes. Furthermore, the dominance of the oxalate-rich factor among other secondary aerosol factors underlines the role of atmospheric processing to secondary organic aerosol loadings which are still poorly characterized in this region. Finally, Concentration-Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis were performed to investigate the geographical origins of the apportioned sources, notably illustrating a significant transport of both nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich factors from Northeastern Europe but also from the Balkan region
Review of the Performance of Low-Cost Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring
No full textInternational audienc
Les particules en suspension dans l’air sur le Littoral Côte d’Opale. Evaluation de la contribution attribuable au trafic maritime
No full textNational audienc
Perceptions of insulin therapy in people with type 2 diabetes and physicians: a cross-sectional survey conducted in france
No full textInternational audienceObjective: To evaluate perceptions of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and treating physicians living in France toward insulin therapy. Methods: Adults with T2D receiving oral glucose-lowering treatment alone (INS-) or basal insulin for >= 2 months (INS+) completed an online cross-sectional survey comprising 39 questions, including some regarding perceptions and fears of insulin therapy. Physicians were interviewed by telephone using eleven similar questions. The survey was designed by French clinicians experienced in treating diabetes and conducted under the auspices of an independent market-research agency. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 590 adults with T2D (two-thirds INS+) and 130 physicians (65 diabetologists/endocrinologists, 65 general practitioners). INS+ adults reported fewer negative feelings and more positive feelings than INS- adults. Two-thirds of INS+ adults reported that transitioning to insulin therapy was less difficult than expected. Overall, 44% of INS+ adults and 26% of physicians reported a fear of diabetic complications as being important, and 80% of physicians and 21% of INS+ adults considered injections to be a major patient fear. Conclusion: Most people with T2D reported that transitioning to insulin therapy was less difficult than they had feared. People with T2D and physicians exhibited differing perceptions regarding the transition. Reasons for the apprehension surrounding the transition to insulin therapy in people with T2D need to be better identified. Support from insulin-treated peers may enable this transition to occur with fewer anxieties in insulin-naive people with T2D
Qualité de l'air - Guide pratique pour l'estimation de l'incertitude de mesure des concentrations en polluants dans l'air ambiant - Partie 6 : estimation des incertitudes sur les concentrations massiques de particules mesurées en automatique: Fascicule de Documentation FD X43-070/6
No full textParticipation au Groupe d'Experts AFNOR concepteur du documentDocument visant à aider les utilisateurs de systèmes automatiques de mesure de la concentration massique de particules en suspension dans l'air ambiant (PM10 & PM2,5), à déterminer l'incertitude associée aux résultats de mesure fournis pour l'ensemble de la gamme de mesure utilisée. Cet guide concernant les mesurages réalisés sur site, présente la procédure d'estimation de l'incertitude associée à un résultat de mesure d'un analyseur automatique, à l'aide d'un budget d'incertitude
