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État des connaissances relatif à l’impact sanitaire de l’exposition aux moisissures présentes dans l’air ambiant sur la population générale française et recommandations en matière de surveillance nationale
No full textTrois expertises collectives portant sur des agents biologiques dans l’air ambiant ou dans les environnements intérieurs ont été réalisées par l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses) ces cinq dernières années :- Pollens dans l’air ambiant (saisine 2011-SA-0151) ;- Moisissures dans le bâti (saisine 2014-SA-0016) ;- Pollens et moisissures dans l’air ambiant des départements et régions d’outre-mer (saisine 2016-SA-0100).Ces travaux ont montré que ces polluants de l’air d’origine biologique constituent un enjeu de santé publique et ont fourni aux pouvoirs publics des recommandations en matière notamment de surveillance, de recherche et de gestion.Au niveau réglementaire, la loi du 26 juin 2016 de modernisation de notre système de santé et l’arrêté du 5 août 20161 encadrent la mise en place d’une surveillance de certaines moisissures dans l’air ambiant, notamment coordonnée par le Réseau national de surveillance aérobiologique (RNSA).La mesure des moisissures présentes dans l’air ambiant réalisée depuis plusieurs années en France métropolitaine a permis d’apporter un certain nombre d’informations en particulier sur le rôle de certaines conditions météorologiques (notamment de l’humidité et de la température) et de l’occupation des sols dans le développement de spores (RNSA 2011). Cependant, lesquestions relatives aux modalités d’utilisation des résultats de cette surveillance par le grand public et les professionnels de santé notamment, et plus globalement à la contribution de cette surveillance à la prévention des pathologies liées aux moisissures, qu’elles proviennent de l’air ambiant ou des environnements intérieurs, restent posées.Dans ce contexte, l’Agence a été saisie par courrier daté du 22 janvier 2018 par la Direction générale de la santé (DGS) en vue de réaliser une expertise sur l’impact sanitaire de l’exposition aux moisissures présentes dans l’air ambiant et de formuler des recommandations possibles en matière de surveillance nationale
Le suivi de la composition chimique des particules atmosphériques : complémentarités des observatoires nationaux
No full textAtmospheric ammonia variability and link with particulate matter formation: a case study over the Paris area
No full textInternational audienceThe Paris megacity experiences frequent particu- late matter (i.e.PM2.5, particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm) pollution episodes in spring (March–April). At this time of the year, large numbers of the particles consist of ammonium sulfate and nitrate which are formed from am- monia (NH3) released during fertilizer spreading practices and transported from the surrounding areas to Paris. There is still limited knowledge of the emission sources around Paris, their magnitude, and their seasonality.Using space-borne NH3 observation records of 10 years (2008–2017) and 5 years (2013–2017) provided by the In- frared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) instrument, regional patterns of NH3 variabilities (seasonal and interannual) are derived. Observations reveal identical high seasonal variabil- ity with three major NH3 hotspots found from March to Au- gust. The high interannual variability is discussed with re- spect to atmospheric total precipitation and temperature.A detailed analysis of the seasonal cycle is performed us- ing both IASI and CrIS instrument data, together with out- puts from the CHIMERE atmospheric model. For 2014 and 2015, the CHIMERE model shows coefficients of determina- tion of 0.58 and 0.18 when compared to IASI and CrIS, re- spectively. With respect to spatial variability, the CHIMERE monthly NH3 concentrations in spring show a slight un- derrepresentation over Belgium and the United Kingdom and an overrepresentation in agricultural areas in the FrenchBrittany–Pays de la Loire and Plateau du Jura region, as well as in northern Switzerland. In addition, PM2.5 concentra- tions derived from the CHIMERE model have been evalu- ated against surface measurements from the Airparif network over Paris, with which agreement was found (r2 = 0.56) with however an underestimation during spring pollution events.Using HYSPLIT cluster analysis of back trajectories, we show that NH3 total columns measured in spring over Paris are enhanced when air masses originate from the north-east (e.g. the Netherlands and Belgium), highlighting the impor- tance of long-range transport in the NH3 budget over Paris. Variability in NH3 in the north-east region is likely to impact NH3 concentrations in the Parisian region since the cross- correlation function is above 0.3 (at lag = 0 and 1 d).Finally, we quantify the key meteorological parameters driving the specific conditions important for the formation of PM2.5 from NH3 in the Île-de-France region in spring. Data- driven results based on surface PM2.5 measurements from the Airparif network and IASI NH3 measurements show that a combination of the factors such as a low boundary layer of ∼ 500 m, a relatively low temperature of 5 ◦C, a high relative humidity of 70 %, and wind from the north-east contributes to a positive PM2.5 and NH3 correlation
Transitions et analyses de risques : défis et perspectives
No full textInternational audienceCet article explore les implications des mutations actuelles sur la pratique et l’usage des analyses de risques (AR). Il introduit les dernières évolutions des AR dans le domaine des ICPE et introduit la question des limites des AR. Ensuite, plusieurs thèmes et travaux associés menés à l’Ineris depuis quelques années sont présentés. Ils concernent la cybersécurité, les natech (catastrophes naturelles ayant des effets sur les installations à risques), le management numérique de la sécurité, les conséquences environnementales et les effets domino. Considérés ensemble, ces thèmes constituent des évolutions notables dont les implications pour la pratique et l’usage des AR sont discutées
Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastics of electrical and electronic equipment, vehicles, construction, textiles and non-food packaging : a review of occurrence and management
No full textInternational audienceA synthesis of 4000 published data from 35 references of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) concentrations, in plastics of electrical and electronic equipment, vehicles, construction products, textiles and non-food packaging is presented. For POP decabromodiphenylether, a median concentration of 50 mg/kg in plastics of electrical and electronic equipment (n=276), is reported, as well as 31 mg/kg in plastics of vehicles (n=80), 0 mg/kg in plastics of construction (n=81), and 0 mg/kg in plastics of textiles equipment and upholstery (n=75). The mean concentrations are 5200, 3100, 8700 and 6500 mg/kg, respectively. In non-food packaging (expanded or extruded polystyrene), hexabromocyclododecane is present in some samples. All these plastics always have at least one BFR with a mean concentration above the EU regulatory concentration limit for substances, products or hazardous waste. The distribution of all reported concentrations of PBDEs is skewed, with for instance, in plastics of vehicles, 84% of the data lower than 1000 mg decaBDE /kg, and some large values up to 150 000 mg/kg. The sorting and the up-to-date management technologies are for these categories of plastics (estimated to 40% of the plastic use in the EU, the brominated fraction of them being a few percent) necessary to weed out banned substances in the circular economy
In Situ Investigation of the THM Behavior of the Callovo-Oxfordian Claystone
No full textInternational audienceThe thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of the host rock is essential while designing an underground radioactive waste disposal repository, and in particular, while considering the long-term safety of the facility. In 2000, the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) started constructing an underground research laboratory located in the Meuse Haute Marne to carry out a research program aiming to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing and operating a radioactive waste disposal facility in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone, and to optimize its implementation. To study the thermo-hydro-mechanical effects of the early thermal phase on the clay host rock of a deep repository, Andra has performed various in situ heating tests; one of them is called the TED experiment. The aim of the TED experiment was to measure the evolution of the temperature and pore pressure fields around several heaters and to back-analyze the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone. Thermal conductivity and heat capacity values were determined based on the back-analysis of the in situ measurements and compared to those measured on samples. The in situ experimental data and numerical model confirm the anisotropic behavior of the claystone. The TED experiment results demonstrate the ability of current models to predict the evolution of temperature and pore pressure in the far field of disposal cells
Prediction of the Partition Coefficient between Adipose Tissue and Blood for Environmental Chemicals : from Single QSAR Models to an Integrated Approach
No full textInternational audienceThe adipose tissue:blood partition coefficient is a key‐endpoint to predict the pharmacokinetics of chemicals in humans and animals, since other organ:blood affinities can be estimated as a function of this parameter. We performed a search in the literature to select all the available rat in vivo data. This approach resulted into two improvements to existing models: a homogeneous definition of the endpoint and an expanded data collection. The resulting dataset was used to develop QSAR models as a function of linear and non‐linear algorithms. Several applicability domain definitions were assessed and the definition corresponding to a good balance between performance and coverage was retained. We assessed the pertinence of combining single models into integrated approaches to increase the accuracy in predictions. The best integrated model outperformed the single models and it was characterized by an external mean absolute error (MAE) equal to 0.26, while preserving an adequate coverage (84 %). This performance is comparable to experimental variability and it highlights the pertinence of the integrated model
Classification des principales méthodes d'analyse des risques combinant la sécurité et la sûreté
No full textInternational audienceLes systèmes industriels utilisent des technologies issues de l'informatique et sont de plus en plus vulnérables à des cyberattaques pouvant affecter l'environnement et les humains. L'article présente et classifie des méthodes intégrant l'analyse des risques de sûreté et de sécurité de ces systèmes
Utilisation de poissons zèbres génétiquement modifiés pour l'étude des mécanismes et des effets des perturbateurs endocriniens
No full textEndocrine disrupters (EDs) are widespread aquatic environment contaminants that are at risk for aquatic organisms. In this regards, development and implementation of tests to identify EDs and quantify their effects is still a challenge. In this context, the objectives of this thesis were to study the effects and mechanisms of action of EDs of environmental interest both at the molecular (steroidogenesis, vitellogenesis) and physiological (reproductive function) levels. For that, transgenic zebrafish lines (cyp11c1-eGFP, cyp11c1-eGFP-casper, cyp19a1a-eGFP, cyp19a1a-eGFP-casper) expressing a fluorescent protein under the control of promoters of genes known to be targets of Eds (steroidogenic genes) were used.The present work showed that there exist no behavioral (sociality, anxiety) or reproductive differences between our transgenic lines and the wild type AB zebrafish. Exposures to azole fungicides (clotrimazole, prochloraz, imazalil) highlighted the absence of bias induced by the transgene insertions, our transgenic lines responding to substances like the wild-type zebrafish. Finally, the different exposures allowed us to evaluate the effects of azole fungicides and synthetic progestins (norethindrone) on reproduction and gonadal aromatase expression in fish.Overall, this thesis allowed (i) to evaluate the sensitivity of each transgenic model compared to wild-type zebrafish, (ii) to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each model to propose a reliable and relevant use for the study of EDs; (iii) to provide knowledge on the endocrine disrupting effects of azole fungicides and progestins, especially on zebrafish reproduction.Les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE), présents dans les milieux aquatiques, constituent un risque pour les organismes aquatiques. Il parait donc nécessaire de développer et de mettre en œuvre des tests permettant d’évaluer les effets PE des substances. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’étudier les effets et les mécanismes d’action de PE d’intérêt environnemental tant d’un point de vue moléculaire (stéroïdogenèse, vitellogenèse) que physiologique (fonction de reproduction). Pour cela, des lignées de poissons zèbres transgéniques (cyp11c1-eGFP, cyp11c1-eGFP-casper, cyp19a1a-eGFP, cyp19a1a-eGFP-casper) exprimant une protéine fluorescente sous le contrôle de promoteurs de gènes cibles des PE (gènes de la stéroidogenèse) ont été utilisés.Ce travail a permis de montrer qu’il n’y avait pas de différence entre les lignées transgéniques et la lignée sauvage (AB) que ce soit en termes de comportement (socialité, anxiété) ou de reproduction. Les différentes expositions à des fongicides azolés (clotrimazole, prochloraze, imazalil) ont mis en évidence l’absence de biais lié à l’insertion des transgènes, nos modèles transgéniques répondant aux substances de manière similaire aux poissons zèbres sauvages. Enfin, les différentes expositions ont permis d’évaluer les effets de fongicides azolés ainsi que de progestatifs de synthèse (norethindrone) sur la reproduction et l’expression de l’aromatase gonadique chez le poisson.Dans l’ensemble, ce travail de thèse a permis (i) d’évaluer en partie la sensibilité de chaque modèle transgénique par rapport aux lignées sauvages, (ii) de déterminer les avantages et les limites de chaque modèle, afin d’en proposer une utilisation fiable et pertinente pour l’étude des PE ; (iii) d’apporter des connaissances sur les effets PE de fongicides azolés et de progestatifs, notamment sur la reproduction des poissons zèbres
Monitoring priority substances in biota under the Water Framework Directive: how effective is a tiered approach based on caged invertebrates? A proof-of-concept study targeting PFOS in French rivers
No full textInternational audienceBackground:This study aims to describe and test a tiered approach for assessing compliance to Environmental Quality standards (EQSs) for priority substances in biota in line with the European Water Framework Directive. This approach is based on caged gammarids and trophic magnification factors (TMFs) at the first tier, with fish analyzed at the second tier at sites predicted to exceed the EQS at the first tier.Methods:A dataset was implemented by monitoring perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in caged gammarids exposed at 15 sites in French rivers, and in fish muscle and rest-of-body from the same sites. Isotopic ratios (delta C-13 and delta(15) N) were also measured in gammarids and fish. Two scenarios were developed to compare measured PFOS concentrations in fish against predicted concentrations based on measures in caged gammarids and TMFs.Scenario 1:Compared measured PFOS concentrations in fish fillets with predicted PFOS concentrations based on measured concentrations in caged gammarids and delta(15) N.Scenario 2:Tested whether or not EQS exceedance was correctly predicted based on measured concentrations in caged gammarids and trophic levels (TLs) from wild fish and gammarid populations.Results:Delta C-13 and delta(15) N variations showed that caged gammarids used local food resources during exposure in the field. PFOS concentrations in gammarids were fairly variable through time at each site. In fish, concentrations ranged from < 1 to 250 ng g(-1)(wet weight). After adjustment to the TL at which the EQS is set, 12 sites were above the EQS for PFOS.Scenario 1:Predicted concentrations were almost correct at 7 sites out of 15. Most incorrect predictions were overestimations that were slightly improved by applying a lower (neutral) TMF.Scenario 2:Several variants for parameters involved in the predictions were tested. The most efficient combination yielded two wrong predictions out of 15. This result was obtained with a higher (more conservative) TMF value, mean concentrations in gammarids from several field exposures during a year, and a TL for gammarids at the median of the distribution in French rivers.Conclusion:The proposed tiered approach was thus efficient. However, the number of sites was relatively limited, and the dataset was biased towards EQS exceedance. The tiered approach warrants further validation