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Maternal cumulative exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, prematurity and small for gestational age: a pooled analysis of two birth cohorts
No full textInternational audienceBackground Data on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on pregnancy outcomes are inconclusive. Objective To study the relation between maternal cumulative exposure to ELF-EMF during pregnancy and the risk of prematurity or small for gestational age (SGA) in a pooled analysis of two French birth cohorts. Methods Elfe and Epipage2 are both population-based birth cohorts initiated in 2011 and included 18 329 and 8400 births, respectively. Health data and household, mother and child characteristics were obtained from medical records and questionnaires at maternity and during follow-up. A job exposure matrix was used to assess cumulative exposure to ELF-EMF during three periods (1) until 15 weeks of gestation, (2) until 28 weeks of gestation and (3) until 32 weeks of gestation. Analyses were restricted to single live births in mainland France and to mothers with documented jobs (N=19 894). Adjusted logistic regression models were used. Results According to the period studied, 3.2%-4% of mothers were classified as highly exposed. Results were heterogeneous. Increased risks of prematurity were found among low exposed mothers for the three periods, and no association was observed among the most exposed (OR1=0.92 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.15); OR2=0.98 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.21); OR3=1.14 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.41)). For SGA, no association was observed with the exception of increased risk among the low exposed mothers in period 2 and the most exposed in period 3 (OR=1.25 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.53)). Conclusion Some heterogeneous associations between ELF-EMF exposure and prematurity and SGA were observed. However, due to heterogeneity (ie, their independence regarding the level of exposure), associations cannot be definitely explained by ELF-EMF exposure
The Link Between Covid-19 and Biodiversity : A Report Commissioned by the French Public Authorities
No full textAUTRE = Experts sollicitésL’épidémie COVID-19 pose de nombreuses questions. Quels sont les liens de cette crise sanitaire avec la faune sauvage, quels sont ses liens avec l’érosion de la biodiversité que le dernier rapport de l’Ipbes a souligné, quels sont ses liens avec certains systèmes de production alimentaire et plus généralement avec l’anthropisation de la planète ? Pour les éclairer sur ces sujets, les pouvoirs publics se sont tournés vers la recherche
Résultats du 1er Essai national d'Aptitude des micro-Capteurs (EAµC) pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'air
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Application des méthodes d’évaluation des risques cumulés pour l'identification des zones de surexposition
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How non-standard studies and their weight of evidence evaluation may be used within Environmental Quality Standards derivation: a case study with endocrine disrupting assessment of tebuconazole
No full textInternational audienceWithin the Water Framework Directive Common Implementation Strategy (WFD CIS) context, the derivation of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) is framed by recommendations given in the European Technical Guidance Document for Deriving EQS (TGD EQS, E.C., 2018). This guidance recommends the use of data that are deemed relevant and reliable. Those are most often generated using standardised test methods, but not confined to standard studies and species. The concern raised by endocrine disruption should be tackled in diverse regulatory frameworks, among which the WFD. In this context, endocrine disruption (ED) is quoted several times as an issue in the TGD EQS but recommendations as this regards are not prescriptive. Our study attempts to assess how far can the ECHA/EFSA Guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors (ECHA/EFSA, 2018) and its weight of evidence approach may be used within the context of the derivation of EQS for tebuconazole.The work consisted in (i) gathering ED toxicity data for aquatic wildlife and mammals not included in the initial dataset underlying the current EQS, (ii) assembling them in a database as lines of evidence of toxicity adressing endocrine activity in order to assess as rigorously as possible the ED potential of tebuconazole and finally (iii) analysing these data to evaluate how far they allowed to improve reliability of the current EQS for tebuconazole.The collection of data allowed to assemble more than 200 lines of evidence consisting in vivo mammals data (52%), in vivo wildlife data (34%) and in vitro mechanistics data (14%).The assessment did not allow to conclude on the ED potential of tebuconazole for wildlife strictly applying the guidance, whereas this ED potential was demonstrated for mammals for which at least two modes of action analysis enabled to conclude on the link between endocrine activity and adversity.Wildlife toxicity assessment would need more in-depth analysis, inter alia to collate and analyse invertebrates toxicity data in order to assess other taxa than fish and amphibians which are already well-represented in the dataset.This analysis allowed implementation of the weight of evidence approach of non-standard toxicity test within the assessment in order to strenghten relevancy and reliability of its EQS. It gives a good opportunity to evaluate how ECHA/EFSA guidance may be used in another regulatory context for which it is meant and allows highlighting the pros and cons of this exercise
Modelling the mineralogical composition and solubility of mineral dust in the Mediterranean area with CHIMERE 2017r4
No full textInternational audienceModelling of mineral dust is often done using one single mean species. But for biogeochemical studies, it could be useful to access to a more detailed information on differentiated mineral species and the associated chemical composition. Differentiating between mineral species would also induce different optical properties and densities and then different radiative impact, transport and deposition. In this study, the mineralogical differentiation is implemented in the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model, by using global databases. The results show that this implementation does not change the results much in terms of aerosol optical depth, surface concentrations and deposition fluxes. But the information on mineralogy, with a high spatial (a few kilometres) and temporal (1 h) resolution, is now available and is ready to be used for future biogeochemical studies
Methodology for the in situ characterisation of soil vapor contaminants and their impact on the indoor air quality of buildings
No full textInternational audienceThis study presents a fast and nonintrusive in situ methodology to characterise the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) fluxes of contaminated sites and to quantify their intrusion into future buildings built on these sites. It could be used to conduct exhaustive ground pre-characterisation and indoor air assessments for future on-site buildings. The methodology involved the use of a specific apparatus called the "experimental box", representing convective and diffusive transfers of soil gas pollutants into buildings, to quantify an equivalent homogeneous concentration of the contaminant in the soil gas. Furthermore, this equivalent homogeneous concentration was used to quantify the indoor air pollutant concentration in a future building using an analytical transfer model associated with a numerical ventilation model. This methodology was applied on an experimental site. A critical analysis highlights its interest as a powerful complementary tool to constitute complementary support for decision-making methods and for human health risk assessment
Sanding and analysis of dust from nano-silica filled composite resins for stereolithography
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this work was to assess whether with high amounts of nano-silica filled cured resins release nano-particles upon their abrasion, as this could form an occupational health risk and require specific safety measures. A standardised abrasion stress method involving a Taber linear abrasion apparatus (Model 5750) has been applied to the filled polymer samples. This linear abrasion apparatus simulates the mechanical solicitation, i.e. abrasion. Various particle size measurement techniques were applied to assess the size distribution and the quantity of particles released. Observations of airborne particle from abrasion tests are consistent with TEM characterization of the nanomaterials before any tests. Abrasions of both samples (called here ‘1’ and ‘2’) gave rise to emissions. For sample 1, a few ‘dust’ particles and micronic particles are observed. For sample 2, despite a track on the sample, no detectable micronic particles and very few ‘dust’, particles are detected. As a result, we can state there were effective abrasions which gave rise to a low emission (sample 1) and a very low emission (sample 2) under the detection limits of particle sizing and counting, for the last case. The emission of particles upon Taber test abrasion is extremely low (less than 8 particles per cm3) and for one of the samples at the level of the detection limit. Moreover, the size of these particles is generally larger than 100 nm