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Ideas for the future of safety science
No full textInternational audienceThis article is a contribution to the special issue on the future of safety science. It discusses the three areas indicated in the call by the editors: history and evolution of safety science; new models, processes and theories in safety science and emerging risks in safety science. In the first section on the history and evolution of the field, (Re)writing history, I argue that an interesting task is to challenge what has become a taken for granted view of the past. I illustrate this claim by revisiting and challenging the popular view of safety which describes three ages in the evolution of safety science (technical, human and organisational). I then reinforce this by arguing about the presence of relatively independent research traditions which structure our understanding of safety. In the second section on new models, processes and theories, Convergence versus Divergence, I discuss the problem of research traditions developing independently, and I advocate a strategy of convergence to complement this process of divergence, while shortly discussing the practice-theory gap. Finally, in the second section on emerging risks, How is safety globalised?, I argue that one challenge for safety research is to keep up with changes, some of which are perhaps of an unprecedent scale
Leçons sur la mise en oeuvre des présomptions en matière d'autorisation des produits phytosanitaires
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Development of a selection system based on hyperspectral imaging for plastic waste with brominated flame retardants
No full textInternational audienceBrominated flame retardants (BFRs) are used in different types of products such as plastic, textiles and electronic circuits with the aim to increase fire resistance and to avoid or to delay the propagation of accidental combustion. However, high concentrations of bromine in waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) hinder the possibility of their use as secondary raw materials. Furthermore, the possibility that BFRs can be released during mechanical recycling processes, imposes the need for ad hoc separation processes through an appropriate selection system. In order to adopt solutions based on the circular economy, it is necessary to develop an efficient strategy for selecting plastic waste containing BFRs from waste flow addressed to recycling. In this perspective, the use of a rapid and non-destructive technique, such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI), represents a powerful solution for the identification and to perform quality control of plastics waste. The study aims to develop a new methodology based on HSI in the short-wave infrared range (SWIR: 1000-2500 nm) coupled with chemometrics and X-ray fluorescence analysis in order to discriminate plastic waste with BFRs into two classes (low Br 2000 mg/kg) in agreement with the limits recommended by technical specification for WEEE. The promising results achieved suggest that this methodology may be applicable for the separation of plastics containing BFRs in recycling plant
Valorisation des anciens sites d'exploitation souterraine : exemples, retours d'expérience et perspectives
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Well-tempered MCMC simulations for population pharmacokinetic models
No full textInternational audienceA full Bayesian statistical treatment of complex pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic models, in particular in a population context, gives access to powerful inference, including on model structure. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers are typically used to estimate the joint posterior parameter distribution of interest. Among MCMC samplers, the simulated tempering algorithm (TMCMC) has a number of advantages: it can sample from sharp multi-modal posteriors; it provides insight into identifiability issues useful for model simplification; it can be used to compute accurate Bayes factors for model choice; the simulated Markov chains mix quickly and have assured convergence in certain conditions. The main challenge when implementing this approach is to find an adequate scale of auxiliary inverse temperatures (perks) and associated scaling constants. We solved that problem by adaptive stochastic optimization and describe our implementation of TMCMC sampling in the GNU MCSim software. Once a grid of perks is obtained, it is easy to perform posterior-tempered MCMC sampling or likelihood-tempered MCMC (thermodynamic integration, which bridges the joint prior and the posterior parameter distributions, with assured convergence of a single sampling chain). We compare TMCMC to other samplers and demonstrate its efficient sampling of multi-modal posteriors and calculation of Bayes factors in two stylized case-studies and two realistic population pharmacokinetic inference problems, one of them involving a large PBPK model
Estimation of the measurement uncertainty, including the contribution arising from sampling, of water quality parameters in surface waters of the Loire-Bretagne river basin, France
No full textInternational audienceA specific study was designed and carried out at the Loire River Basin in France, in order to estimate the measurement uncertainty, including the contribution of sampling. Following recommendations from the Eurachem Guide on Uncertainty arising from sampling, the duplicate method was selected. The study was conducted in 2017 under routine and operational conditions with the accredited laboratories selected by the Loire-Bretagne Water Agency. In overall, 35 monitoring stations were chosen for estimating the spatial variability, and among them 11 monitoring stations were singled out for estimating the temporal variability from April to December. To reduce both the number of analysis and the costs of this study, an unbalanced design was used. Finally, a robust analysis of variance was used to evaluate the measurement uncertainty by means of RANOVA2 software. For some parameters (e.g., calcium, dissolved organic carbon, nitrates, phosphates, suspended matter, metals), the expanded measurement uncertainty estimated using robust ANOVA was found to be lower than 20 % and was thus used to calculate the lower and upper confidence interval limits at 95 %. For parameters having an expanded measurement uncertainty greater than 20 % (e.g., most pesticides, chlorophyll a, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium, nitrites, Kjeldahl nitrogen), the lower and upper confidence interval limits at 95 % were established using an alternative approach: the expanded uncertainty factor (U-F) derived from log-transformed data
Pesticides : diversité des sources d’information et effet sur la perception des risques
No full textInternational audienceThis article, written to summarize recent work by the SFSE's risk and society section, reviews all the evidence provided by stakeholders who agreed to contribute to the debate on the diversity of information sources about pesticides and its effect on the perception of environmental and health risks. The article defines, contextualizes and, where necessary, supplements the scope of the work, while attempting to integrate all the components of this complex subject, from the definition of pesticides to the analysis of perceptions intrinsically linked to the sociohistorical transformations of these substances themselves as well as of society and its citizens.Cet article de synthèse, écrit dans le cadre des derniers travaux de la section « Risques et société » de la Société francophone de santé et environnement (SFSE), s’inspire de l’ensemble des témoignages apportés par les parties prenantes qui ont accepté d’alimenter le débat sur la diversité des sources d’information sur les pesticides et son effet sur la perception des risques pour la santé et l’environnement. Il définit, contextualise et complète, le cas échéant, le périmètre des travaux, tout en tentant d’intégrer l’ensemble des composantes de ce sujet complexe, depuis la définition des pesticides jusqu’à l’analyse des perceptions intrinsèquement liées aux transformations sociohistoriques tant de l’objet que de la société et de ses acteurs
Recent safety focused overall analysis, testing and accident reviews towards safer e-mobility and energy storage
No full textInternational audienceLithium batteries have wide application from electric vehicles (EV) to Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and consumer electronics. Their chemical composition and their behavior under abuse conditions pose a risk for safety and people health. The risk grows with the amounts of active material and flammable electrolyte and hence, with the number of cells which constitute the battery. In order to manage the risk, critical points during the entire life cycle of a lithium battery should be identified. To this aim, both chemical and electric characteristics of cell and battery have to be available. This information can be also useful to improve the acceptability of safety testing..
Comment caractériser les émissions issues du freinage sur un système pion-disque ?
No full textInternational audienceThe emissions of car brakes are a type of emission which is yet slightly evoked but which might be of major public concern soon. Few studies on the subject are available today, which moreover lacks methodological consensus. An international comparison of the results for example from brake benches is still impossible. The present scientific communication aims to show the requirements needed to design an experiment to measure brake emission; and more specifically using a pin-on-disc system.Les particules émises par le freinage automobile constituent un type d'émission peu évoqué à ce jour bien qu’il risque d’émerger prochainement. Peu d’études traitant du sujet sont disponibles, un sujet qui par ailleurs ne fait l’objet d’aucun consensus méthodologique permettant une comparaison internationale des résultats obtenus par exemple des bancs de freinage. La présente communication vise donc à exposer les différents critères à définir lors de la mise en place d’un système de mesure des émissions dues au freinage ; et notamment sur un système pion-disque
Post Normal Accident : Revisiting Perrow’s Classic
No full textInternational audiencePourquoi alors que depuis trente ans s’est élaborée une recherche dans le domaine de la sécurité industrielle, des accidents continuent à survenir ? Doit-on repenser de manière critique l’héritage des approches actuellement disponibles dans le domaine de la sécurité ? Comment entrer dans cette problématique en prenant le recul nécessaire face à sa très grande complexité