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Demande d’avis complémentaire (à l’avis du HCSP du 29 avril 2018) en lien avec des mesures de protection des populations potentiellement exposées autour des sites industriels manipulant du dioxyde de titane (TiO2) - Eléments relatifs à la surveillance métrologique dans l’environnement et à l’examen de la faisabilité
No full textInternational audienceRésumé : Mesures de protection des populations potentiellement exposées autour des sites industriels manipulant du dioxyde de titane (TiO2) - Eléments relatifs à la surveillance métrologique dans l’environnement et à l’examen de la faisabilitéDans le cadre de la protection des travailleurs et des personnes au voisinage de sites de production ou de manipulation de nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane (TiO2), la faisabilité d’une surveillance métrologique dans l’environnement du TiO2 nanométrique doit être examinée.Pour le HCSP il est envisageable de réaliser des mesures de taux de concentrations de nanoparticules de TiO2 dans l’air autour des sites industriels. Il n’existe cependant pas actuellement de méthode unique opérationnelle permettant de mesurer simultanément le nombre/la masse des particules et de réaliser l’analyse chimique des du TiO2 nanoparticulaire. Le HCSP considère que la mise en œuvre des méthodes de mesures ainsi que des modélisations sont très fortement dépendantes des situations à considérer et nécessitent différentes approches dont dépendront les stratégies de mesures à mettre en place.Ce rapport fait suite à la demande, faite au HCSP par la Direction générale de la prévention des risques, la Direction générale de la santé et la Direction générale du travail, de compléter son avis et son rapport du 29 avril 2018 concernant la protection des travailleurs et des personnes au voisinage de sites de production ou de manipulation de nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane.Le sujet des valeurs de gestion pour la protection des populations potentiellement exposées devra faire l’objet par la suite d’un autre rapport.Pour la réalisation du présent rapport, le HCSP a auditionné notamment des experts des méthodes de mesures des concentrations de particules dans l’air ainsi que des experts de la modélisation de la dispersion des particules dans l’air. Le HCSP a pris en compte les dispositions d’un arrêté préfectoral relatif à un industriel qui a mis en place une surveillance environnementale de routine des incidences de ses émissions de particules de TiO2.Lire aussi :•Protéger les travailleurs et les personnes au voisinage de sites de production ou de manipulation de nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane du 29 avril 201
Dietary exposure to pesticide residues and risks to the health of infants and young children
No full textInternational audienceThe total diet study* of infants and young children (0-3 years) characterized the contamination of manufactured foodstuffs by 516 pesticides and their metabolites. The health risk assessment showed that among more than 260 substances, only three may exceed their toxicological reference values
Qualité de l’air dans les habitacles automobiles en situation de mobilité : quelles performances des micro-capteurs vis-à-vis des méthodes de référence ?
No full textInternational audienc
Development of a methodology for in-board assessment of the efficiency of air quality filters
No full textInternational audienceAs large contributor of fine particles, road transport is a major concern for motorist and leads to a continuous improvement of HVAC systems and cabin filters. For the latter, performance evaluation is mainly tested in laboratory according to standards (e.g. ISO/TS 11155-1) (i) with normalized particles which are not representatives of the particles found in urban air and (ii) with the use of optical indicators that make measurement assumptions e.g. a constant particle density. Thus, there is a lack in the literature about the efficiency of cabin filter in real conditions. Only, few studies concern the determination of the efficiency of a cabin filter in real roadway conditions (Liu et al. 2011), and all of them use optical indicators. Therefore, the project QABINE 2 (Qualité de l’Air dans les haBItacles eN déplacEment 2) aims to develop a protocol for the evaluation of the filtration efficiency of cabin-filters under real driving conditions near Paris. Here, the aerosol sampling methodology developed for QABINE 2 is presented with emphasis on describing how the sampling point upstream the filter was designed in order to be representative of the outside air concentrations sucked by HVAC system of the vehicle. Then, the efficiency evaluation of two different filters is performed through two in-field campaigns and almost thirty-seven different tests
Integrative Strategy of Testing Systems for Identification of Endocrine Disruptors Inducing Metabolic Disorders - An Introduction to the OBERON Project
No full textInternational audienceExposure to chemical substances that can produce endocrine disrupting effects represents one of the most critical public health threats nowadays. In line with the regulatory framework implemented within the European Union (EU) to reduce the levels of endocrine disruptors (EDs) for consumers, new and effective methods for ED testing are needed. The OBERON project will build an integrated testing strategy (ITS) to detect ED-related metabolic disorders by developing, improving and validating a battery of test systems. It will be based on the concept of an integrated approach for testing and assessment (IATA). OBERON will combine (1) experimental methods (in vitro, e.g., using 2D and 3D human-derived cells and tissues, and in vivo, i.e., using zebrafish at different stages), (2) high throughput omics technologies, (3) epidemiology and human biomonitoring studies and (4) advanced computational models (in silico and systems biology) on functional endpoints related to metabolism. Such interdisciplinary framework will help in deciphering EDs based on a mechanistic understanding of toxicity by providing and making available more effective alternative test methods relevant for human health that are in line with regulatory needs. Data generated in OBERON will also allow the development of novel adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The assays will be pre-validated in order to select the test systems that will show acceptable performance in terms of relevance for the second step of the validation process, i.e., the inter-laboratory validation as ring tests. Therefore, the aim of the OBERON project is to support the organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) conceptual framework for testing and assessment of single and/or mixture of EDs by developing specific assays not covered by the current tests, and to propose an IATA for ED-related metabolic disorder detection, which will be submitted to the Joint Research Center (JRC) and OECD community
Flash point of binary mixtures of chlorinated hydrocarbons with toluene and their predictability with existing mixing rule
No full textInternational audienceThe flash points of binary mixtures of toluene with two chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene and dichloromethane) at different concentrations were investigated to evaluate their predictability by existing mixing rules. Measurements were performed using both open and closed cup flash point testers highlighting complex ignition phenomena. Beyond a certain level of concentration in chlorinated compound, no proper flash is observed, in our test conditions when the flame is presented, but specific behaviors are observed that did not allow the definitive determination of a flash point. The observed phenomena can be attributed to the formation of halogenated radicals, presenting flame-retardant behaviors, by decomposition of the chlorinated vapors at the contact of the flame. Existing mixing rules are based on the consideration of the vapor-liquid equilibrium defining the amount of flammable vapors above the liquid surface. So, the application of such mixing rule failed predicting this specific phenomenon, more likely related to a specific reactivity problem. This work also confirms that the sole consideration of the flash point to investigate the flammability of such mixtures may lead to an underestimation of their actual hazard. Additional experimental tests should be conducted to investigate deeper the flammability of such liquid mixtures
Comparative review of efficiency analysis for airborne solid submicrometer particle sampling by nuclepore filters
No full textInternational audienceCharacterization and analysis of airborne solid submicrometer particles have received considerable attention. Representative collection of particles to be analyzed is a fundamental requirement. Herein we review the efficiency of particle sampling using Nuclepore filters. The available theoretical models based on different collection mechanisms: diffusion, interception, and impaction, are explored and compared. Experimentally measured values are combined to analyze the effect of the particle capturing mechanism on collection efficiency based on different parameters like filter pore size and flow face velocity. In addition, a method for experimental collection efficiency analysis combined with theoretical modeling is developed by considering the model’s applicability. The diffusion model proposed by Marre fits the sampling conditions with a small most penetrating particle size (MPPS). The combined efficiency models have corrected the inappropriateness of considering particle deposition mechanisms separately. They are recommended if the assumptions are satisfied
Modélisation du comportement élastoplastique anisotrope et endommageable des argilites : application au stockage des déchets radioactifs
No full textDeep clay formations such as Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) are one of the options currently being considered for the storage of radioactive waste disposal in France by the National Radioactive Waste Management Agency. Observations (deformation, pore pressure, ...) carried out on the scale of in situ structures at the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground research laboratory have, however, revealed complex hydromechanical behaviour with highly anisotropic induced fracturing that is difficult to capture and to reproduce using classical constitutive models. The work of this thesis focused on the formation of the connected fractured zone and discrete fractured zone induced by excavation and their consequences on transport properties. Based on experimental results and the recently developed rheological models of this rock, a macroscopic anisotropic, elastoplastic and damage constitutive model was proposed that describes the key mechanisms of the short-term (pre- and post-peak) behaviour of COx claystone. This model was implemented in Comsol Multiphysics®. The application of the proposed model was carried out on the GCS gallery of the LS M/HM by hydromechanical simulations under saturated conditions. The numerical results were successfully compared with in situ observations and measurements in terms of, in particular, pore pressure distribution, ZFC/ZFD extension (approached by the plastic zones in post-peak and pre-peak, respectively) and horizontal and vertical convergences. Finally, the operational character of the model for thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling applications of HA cells (Cigéo project) was investigated on a geometry reduced to a micro-tunnel of cells.Les formations argileuses profondes telles que celles du Callovo-Oxfordien (COx) sont une des options actuellement envisagées pour le stockage des déchets radioactifs en France par l’Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs. Les observations (déformation, pression interstitielle, …) menées à l’échelle des ouvrages in situ du laboratoire de recherche souterrain de Meuse/Haute-Marne ont, cependant, révélé un comportement hydromécanique complexe avec une fracturation induite fortement anisotrope que les modèles constitutifs classiques ont du mal à appréhender. Le travail de cette thèse s’est focalisé sur la formation des zones de fractures connectées et discrètes induites par l’excavation et leurs conséquences sur les propriétés de transports. Sur la base des résultats expérimentaux et des modèles rhéologiques récents pour cette roche, il a été proposé un modèle macroscopique anisotrope, élastoplastique et endommageable qui décrit les mécanismes clés du comportement à court terme (pré et post-pic) de l’argilite du COx. Ce modèle a été implémenté dans Comsol Multiphysics®. L’application du modèle proposé a été menée sur la galerie GCS du LS M/HM par de simulations hydromécaniques en conditions saturées. Les résultats numériques ont été confrontés avec succès aux observations et mesures in situ en termes, notamment, de distribution de pression de pore et d’extension de ZFC/ZFD (approchée par les zones plastiques en post-pic et pré-pic, respectivement) et de convergences horizontale et verticale. Enfin, le caractère opérationnel du modèle pour des applications de modélisation thermo-hydro-mécanique d’alvéoles HA (projet Cigéo) a été étudié sur une géométrie réduite à un micro-tunnel d’alvéoles
Table ronde "Tous égaux face à l’effondrement ? La mesure des inégalités"
No full textNational audienc
Neurodevelopmental effects of natural and synthetic ligands of estrogen and progesterone receptors in zebrafish eleutheroembryos
No full textInternational audienceNatural and synthetic estrogens and progestins are widely used in human and veterinary medicine and are detected in waste and surface waters. Our previous studies have clearly shown that a number of these substances targets the brain to induce the estrogen-regulated brain aromatase expression but the consequences on brain development remain virtually unexplored. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and norethindrone (NOR), a 19-nortestosterone progestin, on zebrafish larval neurogenesis. We first demonstrated using real-time quantitative PCR that nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptor brain expression is impacted by E2, P4 and NOR. We brought evidence that brain proliferative and apoptotic activities were differentially affected depending on the steroidal hormone studied, the concentration of steroids and the region investigated. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that steroid compounds released in aquatic environment have the capacity to disrupt key cellular events involved in brain development in zebrafish embryos further questioning the short- and long-term consequences of this disruption on the physiology and behavior of organisms