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On the use of 1g physical models for ground movements and soil-structure interaction problems
No full textInternational audienc
Evaluation of receptor and chemical transport models for PM10 source apportionment
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, the performance of two types of source apportionment models was evaluated by assessing the results provided by 40 different groups in the framework of an intercomparison organised by FAIRMODE WG3 (Forum for air quality modelling in Europe, Working Group 3). The evaluation was based on two performance indicators: z-scores and the root mean square error weighted by the reference uncertainty (RMSEu), with pre-established acceptability criteria. By involving models based on completely different and independent input data, such as receptor models (RMs) and chemical transport models (CTMs), the intercomparison provided a unique opportunity for their cross-validation. In addition, comparing the CTM chemical profiles with those measured directly at the source contributed to corroborate the consistency of the tested model results. The most commonly used RM was the US EPA- PMF version 5. RMs showed very good performance for the overall dataset (91% of z-scores accepted) while more difficulties were observed with the source contribution time series (72% of RMSEu accepted). Industrial activities proved to be the most difficult sources to be quantified by RMs, with high variability in the estimated contributions. In the CTMs, the sum of computed source contributions was lower than the measured gravimetric PM10 mass concentrations. The performance tests pointed out the differences between the two CTM approaches used for source apportionment in this study: brute force (or emission reduction impact) and tagged species methods. The sources meeting the z-score and RMSEu acceptability criteria tests were 50% and 86%, respectively. The CTM source contributions to PM10 were in the majority of cases lower than the RM averages for the corresponding source. The CTMs and RMs source contributions for the overall dataset were more comparable (83% of the z-scores accepted) than their time series (successful RMSEu in the range 25% - 34%). The comparability between CTMs and RMs varied depending on the source: traffic/exhaust and industry were the source categories with the best results in the RMSEu tests while the most critical ones were soil dust and road dust. The differences between RMs and CTMs source reconstructions confirmed the importance of cross validating the results of these two families of models
A review of combined safety and security risk analysis approaches: Application and Classification
No full textInternational audienceFor many years, malicious cyber-attackers have been targeting the industrial control systems (ICSs) that manage the critical infrastructure. Industries become vulnerable to cyber-attacks, following the introduction of new technologies in their production processes. Cyber-security becomes a critical subject that treatment can be improved: it is a little taken into consideration in humans and environmental risk analysis, despite the common points with the risks related to cyber-security. In this article the approaches that combined the security and safety in risk analysis are presented and applied to a case study to evaluate and compare them, this evaluation allows us to find the best way to propose our future risk analysis approach
Challenges in assessing Best Available Techniques (BATs) compliance in the absence of industrial sectoral reference
No full textInternational audienceThe Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) aims to achieve a high level of protection of the environment as a whole and of human health. In this purpose, the IED requires the implementation of techniques with performance equivalent to the Best Available Techniques (BATs) described in the reference documents (BREFs). However, when drawing up or revising a BREF at European level, it is not possible to cover each industrial sector or subsector for all or some of the Key Environmental Issues (KEI). There are then different types of situations for which BREFs are incomplete or non-existent. Industrial plants involved in these activities without reference are not exempt from implementing BATs. However, the lack of reference technologies “officially” considered as BATs may lead operators to skip their installations concerned in their BAT analysis and/or the competent authority not to fully check BAT compliance. In view of these observations, this article is aimed at studying the possibility of using the methodological approaches available in the scientific and grey literature to compare the performance of an installation to BATs in the absence of an official and complete BAT reference. Following the description of the research methodology that enabled to conduct this literature review, this article first examines whether methods designed for local use can address this problem. Noting that this is not the case, the possibility to use sectoral methods to build a local BAT reference is also studied. Finally, key specifications for a suitable methodology to address this problem are proposed
Influence of chronic radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on sleep structure in preterm neonates : preliminary results
No full textInternational audienc
Influence of chronic radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates : preliminary results
No full textInternational audienceWhile hospitalized, preterm neonates are chronically exposed to low levels of radiofrequencies (RF) through multiple wireless communicating devices. Some studies in adults have suggested an effect of RF on cerebrovascular functions. However, it has never been tested in a more vulnerable population such as preterm neonates whereas alteration of cerebral oxygenation by RF exposure may disrupt their neurophysiological development. We investigated the influence of chronic RF exposure on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates..
Rupture d'un gazoduc (doublement de la canalisation principale sud de 36") exploité par la société Westcoast Energy Inc. à Prince George (Colombie-Britannique, Canada) le 9 octobre 2018
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Application du Machine Learning à la surveillance microsismique en quasi temps réel d'opérations industrielles du sous-sol
No full textInternational audienc
Discrimination of biomass burning sources using innovative non-targeted approaches
No full textInternational audienceTo date, the evaluation of the contributions of wood burning, used for residential heating, and green waste burning on the PM concentrations is rarely achieved. The objective of the research project SODEMASS is to identify specific organic molecular markers or chemical patterns of both biomass burning sources that can be further used in PM source apportionment studies. Several experiments have been performed in a combustion chamber to simulate the ambient air dilution conditions. Different wood combustion appliances (residential wood stove, fireplace) were tested and green waste burning experiments were performed using different burning materials (leaves and branches). About 50 PM samples have been characterized using both targeted and non-targeted (high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses) approaches. As targeted results were not enough to discriminate between wood and green waste burning sources in ambient air, non-targeted strategies were applied. After statistical analysis, several features specific of each biomass burning source were finally highlighted