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Chronic effects of a binary insecticide Acer 35 EC on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus through a multi-biomarker approach
No full textInternational audienceAcer 35 EC is a widely used insecticide (a binary mixture of lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid) in pest control in many West African countries, particularly in the cotton culture in north Benin. The aim of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of Acer 35 EC on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles using a multi-biomarker approach under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Acer 35 EC (0, 1 and 10% of LC50- 96 h value). After 28 and 56 days of exposure, several biomarkers were measured in males and females including enzymatic activities related to detoxification and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and immune responses, sex steroid hormones (testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 11-keto-testosterone) and histological alterations of liver, kidney and gonads. An Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) was then calculated. The results showed a reduction of cholinesterase activity in muscles, and intercellular superoxide anion production in both sexes. Female steroidogenesis and gametogenesis were affected, especially testosterone levels and oocyte growth. More alterations were observed in liver after exposure to Acer 35 EC. In both sexes, IBR values were higher after 56 days than after 28 days of exposure. In conclusion, based on a large set of biomarkers and IBR values, the chronic exposure to low doses of insecticide Acer 35 EC seems to impair different physiological functions in Nile tilapia juveniles on a time-dependent manner, with a stronger impact on females than on males
Effects of a repeated exposure to radiofrequency on thermal regulation in rodents
No full textInternational audienc
Méthodologie de construction d'indicateurs santé-environnement pour l'aide à la décision
No full textInternational audienceLes données environnementales sont le reflet de la qualité des milieux environnementaux et peuvent permettre la constitution d’indicateurs d’impact sanitaire pour orienter des politiques publiques de gestion du risque
Application of a risk-based approach to continuous underwater noise at local and subregional scales for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
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Cognitive, Practical, Organisational and Regulatory Safety Challenges of A New Era
No full textInternational audienceSafety-critical systems such as offshore platforms, hospitals, aircrafts, nuclear power plants, refineries, bridges, dams, mines... rely on a myriad of artefacts, actors and institutions to operate safely. It is an admirable political, technological, social and economic endeavour re-enacted everyday all over the world. But sometimes, when a bridge collapses, a building burns, an offshore platform explodes, a nuclear reactor melts down, a train derails, a ship sinks or a plane crashes, we are reminded how precarious such successes are and we are also reminded of the diversity of practices across countries, sectors and companies. The Boeing 737 Max crashes in 2018 and 2019, the Grenfell tower fire in London in 2017 or the collapse of Vale's dam in Brazil in 2019 are recent reminders of such events. The analysis of these events reveal a number of features which characterise the current operating landscape of safety-critical systems which includes globalisation, digitalisation, externalisation or financialisation. What many safety-critical systems share these days are their properties of 'networks of networks' which requires for safety research to explore their cognitive, practical, organisational and regulatory features together (to which one needs to add their ecological side). This is a complex and ambitious endeavor. The talk will provide insights from a collective book 'Safety Science Research: Evolution, Challenges and New Directions' (CRC Press, 2019) which addresses this problem
Locks for the use of IEC 61508 to ML Safety-Critical Applications and Possible Solutions
No full textInternational audienceIn the past few years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and more precisely Machine Learning (ML), have been developing quickly and have found applications in a lot of various fields, including industry. The process industry and the use of machinery are critical because they represent a high risk for the surroundings, humans, goods and environment. To mitigate those risks, safety devices carrying out safety functions are used to monitor and control processes and machinery in real time. IEC 61508 which gives a framework to certify the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) of such systems is not suitable for complex algorithms like ML algorithms can be. We will attempt in this paper to discuss the general concepts of the standard that hinder the development and assessment of a safety devices using AI in the current state of knowledge. To the end, after describing the specificities of safety-critical systems and presenting the basic principles of AI and ML, this paper highlights the locks for the use of IEC 61508 and suggests some leverages, such as the use of a new safety lifecycle, a minimal level of transparency and explainability as well as the demonstration of robustness based on formal verification, testing and new metrics. Disclaimer: AI is an area of research which is currently booming, the scientific knowledge is progressing rapidly, especially on the topics of safety assurance, testing, V&V, robustness, explainable AI (XAI). Thus, this article could not be exhaustive and represents our current state of knowledge on that matter. Some information in this paper have been taken from standards projects of the ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC42
Le projet UNREAL (Unveiling nucleation mechanism in aircraft engine exhaust and its link with fuel composition): résultats d'expériences en chambre de simulation et en réacteur
No full textInternational audienceAviation emissions are not limited to greenhouse gases like CO2 but include other gases as well, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) or sulfur oxides (SOx) and volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (vPM and nvPM respectively). Sulfuric acid formed in the engine exhaust seems to be linked to the formation of vPM. However, the amount of sulfur present in the fuel converted to sulfuric acid in the exhaust is too small to explain the amount of vPM observed and organic species seem to play a key role in their formation. The UNREAL project aims at studying at the molecular level the different mechanisms of new particle formation from the exhausts of aircraft engines fed by different fuels. We used a Combustion Aerosol STandard (CAST) generator especially designed to work with liquid fuel to generate the emissions from different fuels (from the standard Jet A-1 to 100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). Total, or only gas-phase, emissions were injected in both, an atmospheric simulation chamber (CESAM) and a Potential Aerosol Mass Oxidation Flow Reactor (PAM-OFR) for aging. Both systems used in parallel provide a point of comparison between in near-real time and hours-long time chamber aging approaches. The chemical and physical evolution of primary and secondary CAST emissions, were monitored by different instruments to measure particle number, mass concentrations as well their size distribution, and the chemical composition of both, the particulate and gas phases. In addition to online techniques, samples were collected to study off line, the gas and aerosol chemical composition at molecular level by mass spectrometry
Développement d’une approche métabolomique non ciblée en LC-HRMS pour l’étude et la caractérisation des métabolites de l’épinoche à trois épines
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Micromechanics of Sheared Granular Layers Activated by Fluid Pressurization
No full textInternational audienceFluid pressurization of critically stressed sheared zones can trigger slip mechanisms at work in many geological processes. Using discrete element modeling, we simulate pore-pressure-step creep test experiments on a sheared granular layer under a sub-critical stress state to investigate the micromechanical processes at stake during fluid induced reactivation. The global response is consistent with available experiments. The progressive increase of pore pressure promotes slow steady creep at sub-critical stress states, and fast accelerated dynamic slip once the critical strength is overcome. Our multi-scale analyses show that these two emergent behaviors correlate to characteristic deformation modes: diffuse deformation during creep, and highly localized deformation during rupture. Creep corresponds to bulk deformation while rupture results from grain rotations initiating from overpressure induced unlocking of contacts located within the shear band which, consequently, acts as a roller bearing for the surrounding bulk
Nation-Wide Monitoring Campaign of 53 Contaminants of Emergent Concern in Surface Waters and Sediment (EMNAT 2018): Occurrence and PNEC Exceedance Evaluation
No full textInternational audienceThe overall objective of the 2018 campaign to monitor substances of emerging concern in surface water (continental and coastal) and sediment, known as EMNAT 2018, is to provide the exercise of prioritization of emerging substances, which is being carried out in 2020, with monitoring data. This exercise should make it possible to update the list of relevant substances to be monitored (SPAS) as part of future WFD monitoring programmes, which will be implemented in the next water body management cycle (2022).This campaign, led by Ineris, collected nearly 14,000 data regarding 53 substances of emerging concern (36 biocides and 17 surfactants, selected by the Prioritization Experts Committee) in surface water and sediments on a total of 98 sites in metropolitan France and in the overseas departments and regions (DROM). Frequencies of quantification and concentration levels were determined and discussed. Warning indicators, calculated from PNEC (predicted no-effect concentrations), allowed to estimate the criticality of the risk of exceeding them (frequency and degree of PNEC exceedance).Regarding impregnation levels in the environment, with respect to surfactants, Linear Alkybenzene Sulfonic acids (LAS) were the most frequently quantified substances and at the highest median concentrations in water and sediment samples, in metropolitan France and in the DROM. Regarding biocides, fipronil was the most frequently quantified substance in water samples in metropolitan France and in the DROM, but at lower median concentrations than other biocides. Methyl nonyl ketone was the most frequently quantified substance and at higher median concentrations in sediment samples from metropolitan France and in the DROM.Based on the available PNECs, the highly critical substances with respect to exceeding the PNEC are:- LAS C11, C12 and C13 in mainland and the DROM water and sediment samples, - methyl nonyl ketone in mainland and the DROM sediment samples, - fipronil and methylisothiazolinone in mainland water samples, and - fipronil, octylisothiazolinone, methyl nonyl ketone and a triethanolamine based esterquat in mainland sediment samples